Organization Of Computer System

The major high-level components of a computer system are:

1. Hardware, which provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory,
I/O
devices).
2. Operating system, which manages the use of the hardware among the
various application programs for the various users and provides the user a
relatively simple machine to use.
3. Applications programs that define the ways in which system resources
are used to solve the computing problems of the users (compilers, database
systems, video games, business programs).
4. Users, which include people, machines, other computers.
 What is an Operating System?

• A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer

and the computer hardware.
• users of a computer system don’t have to deal with computer’s hardware
to get their work done
• use simple commands
• Operating system interacts with computer hardware
• Resources of Computer System
• manager of these resources
• An operating system is a control program that manages the execution of
user programs to prevent errors and improper use of a computer.
Purpose of a Computer—Need of OS
—What OS do?
Computer systems consist of software and hardware that are combined
to provide a tool to implement solutions for specific problems in an
efficient manner and to execute programs.
some of the main issues involved in performing these tasks.
1. Storing an executable on a secondary storage device such as hard disk
2. Loading executable from disk into the main memory
3. Setting the CPU state appropriately so that program execution could
begin
4. Creating multiple cooperating processes, synchronizing their access to
shared data, and allowing them to communicate with each other
 Functionalities of Operating System
(OS Components)
An operating system has many components that manage all the
resources in a computer system, ensuring proper execution of
programs.
Process Management
• A program does nothing unless its instructions are executed by a CPU
• A program is execution is called Process e.g. Compiler, Word processing, sending
request to printer
• A process needs certain resources (CPU time, memory, files, and I/O devices)
• Allocated at creation time or running time
• The operating system is responsible for
Creating and terminating both user and system processes
Allow simultaneous execution of processes by scheduling the CPU(s)
Prevent deadlocks between processes
Ensure integrity of shared data
Synchronize executions of cooperating processes
Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling
Primary Memory Management
• Keeping track of free memory space
• Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and
by whom
• Deciding which processes are to be loaded into memory when
memory space becomes available
• Deciding how much memory is to be allocated to a process
• Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed
• Ensuring that a process is not overwritten on top of another
Secondary Memory Management
The computer system provides secondary storage to backup main
memory
• Manage secondary storage devices
• Allocate appropriate amount of disk space when files are created
• Deallocate space when files are removing
• Ensure that a new file does not overwrite an existing file
• Schedule disk requests
File Management
Computers can store information on several types of physical media,
e.g. magnetic tape, optical disk
• Creating and deleting files
• Creating and deleting directories
• User view of directory structure
• Provide a mechanism that allows users to protect their files and
directories
Mass Storage Management
• Usually disks used to store data that does not fit in main memory or data that
must be kept for a “long” period of time
• Proper management is of central importance
• Entire speed of computer operation hinges on disk subsystem and its algorithms
• OS activities
• Mounting and unmounting
• Free-space management
• Storage allocation
• Disk scheduling
• Partitioning
• Protection
OS Services
• Program Execution
• I/O Operations
• File System Manipulation
• Communication
• Error Detection
Interrupts, traps and signal
Interrupt:
• signal generated
• from a device attached to a computer or from a program within the
computer
• to get CPU’s attention. Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service
routine (ISR) or interrupt handler, generally through the interrupt vector
table, which contains the addresses of all the service routines.

• The interrupt service routine executes; on completion the CPU resumes

the interrupted computation
Trap(exception):
It is a software-generated interrupt caused either by an error (division
by zero or invalid memory access) or by a user request for an operating
system service.
Signal:
An event that is generated to get attention of a process
Generations of Operating System
Single User System
Allows only one user to use the computer at a given time
maximizing user convenience and responsiveness
No need for advanced CPU utilization and hardware protection
features.
Batch System
• Early Computers
• No interaction with the computer directly.
• prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer
operator.
• jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group

MULTI-PROGRAMMED SYSTEM
• Keep several jobs in memory simultaneously
• CPU always ahs a job to execute
• Job pool
• Job scheduling
Time-sharing operating systems

• A logical extension of Batch systems– the CPU switches jobs so frequently that
users can interact with each job while it is running, creating interactive
computing
• Response time should be < 1 second
• Each user has at least one program executing in memory  process
• If several jobs ready to run at the same time  CPU scheduling
• If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to run
• Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in memory
• many people, at various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the
same time.
• Processor's time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously
Network operating System

Runs on a server and provides the server the capability to manage data,
users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.
Allows shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a
network (LAN)
Real time systems
• Used as a control device in a dedicated application.
• Fixed time constraints, and if the system does not produce output for
an input within the time constraints, the system will fail.

• control scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial

control systems and certain display systems.

• Hard real-time systems

• Soft real-time systems (priority based)