QMS110 F2024

Week 4

Professor van Hilten

Copyright Adriana van Hilten 1

TODAY
• Quick Review Weeks 1-3
• QMS110 – Week 4 Topics
• Spoiler Alert for next week – linear functions and inequalities!
• Midterm Test 1 – October 6th 1pm

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 2

Quick Review of Weeks 1-3
Types of Numbers: N, Z, Q, I, R

To say that a number, x, is a member of the set of rational numbers, you would
write:
If you wanted to be more specific about the range that x fell into, say between (and
including) -4 and 4 you could write

If you wanted to explain that you are looking for a number that satisfies the
intersection of two sets, A and B, you would write: A B
union of two sets, A and B, you would write: A B

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 3

Absolute Values
BEDMAS
- watch out for embedded brackets { [ ( ) ] }
- watch out for exponents – both positive and negative!

Fractions and Proportions

Remember, you must have the same denominator to add and subtract fractions.
When solving proportion, percentage or fraction types of problems, “let x
represent”.
- E.g. Dorian sold their condo for $316,250, for a gain of 187.5% of what they paid
for it. What was the dollar gain? Let x represent how much Dorian paid for the
condo originally.
- “x” is helpful in trying to understand the relationship between items
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 4
Simply vs Factor (and Factorize)
Recognize all the rules that apply, especially distributive law!
Remember FOIL (the “oreo” – don’t forget the inside terms)

Take out largest common factor first

Eg. 4ax2 – 2ax

Recognize perfect squares, perfect cubes

Recognized sum and difference of squares, and sum and difference of
cubes

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 5

Agenda: Week 4, Chapter 3 of
your textbook
1. Graphing Coordinates and Linear Functions

2. Notions of Relations and Functions

3. Linear Functions and Notations

4. Slope of a Straight Line; Parallel and Perpendicular lines

5. Solving an equation with one variable , including proportions

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 6

Graphing: Cartesian (or Rectangular)
Coordinates
Elements of the Cartesian (or Rectangular) space (or system):
Real Numbers (not imaginary)
Axis (x & y: horizontal & vertical respectively)
Origin (0,0)
Coordinates (x,y point)
Abscissa (x axis pt)
Ordinate (y axis pt)
Quadrants (I, II, III, IV)
(nb. if on an axis, not in a quadrant)
Each point in a plane is unique
(Fundamental Theorem of Analytic Geometry)

* Note the order

X: independent variable: comes first
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 7
Y: dependent variable: comes second BZBS, Figure 1
Graphing: The Cartesian
Coordinate System
• The Cartesian or rectangular coordinate system consists of horizontal
and vertical real number lines that intersect at their origins.
• The number lines are called the horizontal axis and the vertical axis.
• Together, they are referred to as the coordinate axes.
• The horizontal axis is the x axis.
• The vertical axis is the y axis.
• The axes divide the plane into four quadrants, numbered
counterclockwise from I to IV, starting with the upper right quadrant.
• Fundamental Theorem of Analytic Geometry:
There is a one-to-one correspondence between the points in a plane and the
elements in the set of all ordered pairs
Copyright- Adrianaof real numbers.
van Hilten 8
Notions of Relations and
Functions
Relation: any ordered pair (x,y)
Function: A special kind of relation, where for each distinct value of the first
component of the order pair, there is exactly only one value for the second
component. i.e. the y’s must be unique for a given x. If x’s are the same, so are y’s.
(note the reverse is not required: I may have multiple x’s with the same y)

Eg. Relation (and Function) Relation (but not Function) Relation (and Function)
x y (x,y) x y (x,y) x y (x,y)

5 40 (5, 40) 10 40 (10,40) 5 40 (5,40)

10 80 (10, 80) 10 80 (10,80) 10 40 (10,40)
20 160 (20, 160) 20 160 (20, 160) 20 160 (20, 160)

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 9

Definition of a Function
• A function must meet the requirement of “correspondence”
• Each element in the Domain must correspond to only one element in the Range.
• Domain is the “first set” (input, manipulated, independent variable, x) and
• Range is the “second set” (output, responding, dependent variable, y).
NB: A function means that for each distinct x in the ordered pair (x,y) there is only one y.
A function is a correspondence (or mapping) or an equation (rule) that assigns exactly one
range value to each distinct domain value.

Number and it’s cube - function

Number and it’s square - function
Number and it’s square root – not a function since it can be positive or negative

Note functions require real numbers. So, when you have an equation like:
Y = √(4-x), for y to be real, x must be less than or equal to 4. (x ≤4).
So all x (-satisfy this requirement. Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 10
Notation of Relations and
Functions
Relations may be defined in different ways:
1. A set of ordered pairs e.g. F = {(1,2), (-2,4), (3,-1)}
H = {(-4,1),(-2,1), (-2,0)}
2. A correspondence or mapping

3. A table

4. A graph

5. An equation (or rule) between an independent variable, x, and the

dependent variable, y, which gives an infinite number of ordered pairs.
If it helps, think of x as the input, and y as the output.
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 11
Domain and Range
For every relation defined by a set of ordered pairs (x,y),
There are two important sets of elements:
Domain = the set of all values of the independent variable
Range = the set of all values of the dependent variable.

For example:
Given: (3,-1), (4,2), (4,5), (6, 8)
The domain is the x’s, or independent variable values: (3,4,6)
The range is the y’s, or the dependent variable values: (-1, 2, 5, 8)
Is this a function? A function must have a unique y for every element of x.
(i.e. true dependence)… So, this is not a function; i.e. when x=4, y can be either 2 or 5
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 12
Domain and Range con’t
x y
Is this a function? Is there only one y for every x?
-5 2
0 2
5 2

For a graph – test – is there only one point that a straight line parallel to the x
axis would pass through? If yes – then the line represents a function, since
there is only one value y can take on for a given value of x.
Vs. a straight line parallel to the y axis would mean that y could take on any
number of values for one value of x. This is a relation only, not a function.
All graphs and all equations represent relations at the very least, and all
relations have a domain and range. Special cases of relations are functions.

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 13

Functions and Graphs
For y = 2x – 1: y = 2x – 1
Find the points (x, y) for
x = -1, 0, 2 y= 3 (2, 3)

For each point, x = –1 x = 0

the domain value x is on the x=2

horizontal axis y = -1
and the function value, y is on the
vertical axis.
y = -3

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 14

Functions and Graphs (con’t)

Fig 3.19, BZBK

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A note on equations, relations
and domains
Unless specified otherwise, the domain of a relation is assumed to be all real
numbers that produce real numbers when substituted for the independent
variable.

If a relation is defined by an equation involving:

• A fraction, then its domain cannot contain any values that would lead the
denominator to be zero.
E.g. Y = 1/x
When x = 0, the result is undefined, and hence 0 cannot be in the domain.

• A radical, then its domain cannot contain any values that would lead to imaginary
numbers. I.e. any values that would result in an even root of a negative number.
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 16
Can I tell if it’s a function from
the equation?
a) y=x+4
b) y2 = x (try y2 = 16, so y is.,,)
c) y ≤ x-1
d) y = 5/(x-1)
e) y = 6x+12
f) y ≤ 4x
g) y2 = 25 x
h) y = (x+2) -1
i) y = x2 + 2

What about the domain of these equations? I.e. of the independent variable. And the
range I.e. of the dependent variable?Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 17
Linear Functions and Notation
We can use special notation to describe a function.
Rather than saying y = x (or y = 3x +2 etc), we can say:
“y is a function of x” to emphasize that y depends on x (i.e. there is a dependency).
We write this as y = f(x).
We say f(x) as “f of x”, or alternatively, “f at x”

E.g. y = 9x - 5 is a function, and can be re-written as f(x) = 9x – 5.

Here, x is a value of the domain, and f(x) its corresponding value in the range.
Let x = 2. What is f(x)?
Let x = -3. What is f(x)?
NB. f(x) is just another name for the dependent variable y.
It does not mean f times x. Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 18
Linear Functions and Notation
(con’t)
Let f(x) = - x + 5x + 3.
2

Find f(x) when x = 4, and when x = - 2.

i.e. Find f(4), and f(-2).

Let g(x) = 2x+3.

Find and simplify g(a+1); and g(r-2).

Find f(3) for x y= f(x)

6 -12
a) f = {(-3,5), (0,3), (3,1), (6,-1)}. b)
3 -6
0 0
-3 6

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 19

Linear Functions and Notation
(con’t)
For g(t) = t2 /(2t +1) find g(r3)

For f(x) = 5x-3, find f(-4)

For g(x) = ax2 + x (where a is a constant), find g (-4)

For f(x) = x2 + 2. What is the domain of x, and range of f(x)?

For g(s) = √(3-s). What is the domain and range of g(s)?

For F(y) = 5 – 4y2, find F (a+1) and F (a) + 1

(Why do I not re-write this as f(x)?)
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 20
 Linear Functions and Notation -
Graphs
Figure 3.16, BZBS

For what value of x is f(x) = 2 Find g(-3)

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 21
Note: Write the equation so you
have y = f(x)
Always write the equation in the form y = f(x)
I.e. if you have to re-write the equation to get it in this form, then do it.

E.g.
y = x2+ 1
x-4y = 5
y = - 3x + 6
2x-5y = 4
x2 – 4y = 3
y2 = x (wait! Is this a function?)
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 22
Interval Notation
Interval notation is a method to efficiently write the domain and/or range of a function.
Since functions require real numbers, the interval notation will only include real
numbers.
The notation lists two values within brackets.
A set of square brackets [ ] means the values at the ends of the brackets are included.

A set of round brackets ( ) means that the values go up to but do not include the
specified number.

You may also see ( ] or [ ) – i.e. mismatched pairs.

For infinity and negative infinity – because these are numbers without end, we use
round brackets.
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 23
Interval Notation (con’t)
Interpret
[-2,5]
(-∞, 3]
(0, ∞)
(-∞, ∞) – this is the set of all real numbers

Find the domain and range of the function

f(x) = 16 √x + 1/x
i.e. we don’t use imaginary numbers or divide by zero….
f(x) = x2 + 4, for x>2. i.e. the domain is constrained, which impacts range
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 24
Interval Notation (con’t)
The fixed cost for a company to operate a certain plant is $3000 per day. It costs
$4 for each unit to be produced. Express the daily cost of running the plant as a
function of n, the number of units produced.

What is the domain of the daily cost?

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 25

Equations of a Line: Solution
Sets
A equation with one variable is a vertical or horizontal line.
e.g. y = 4, x = -3, 4x-13=7. (Which of these are functions?)

A simple linear equation with two variables takes the form y = mx + b

e.g. y = 4x + 3.
(Note that this is the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line)

There is a solution for every equation in two variables = a ordered pair of numbers (x,y).
The set of all possible solutions of (x,y) is called the solution set.
The solution set for a linear equation is a straight line.

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 26

Formats of Equation of a Line
Form Equation

Point - slope form y – y1 = m (x - x1)

Slope – intercept form y = mx + b

General (Linear) Form Ax + By + C = 0

Vertical Line x = a (the slope is undefined)

Horizontal Line y = b (the slope is zero)

Copyright Adriana van Hilten

Let’s Try It
Point-slope Form. y-y1 =m (x-x1)
Write the equation of the line that passes through:
(-4,1) and has slope -0.5.
(0,-1) with slope 3.

Slope-intercept form. y =mx + b

Write the equation of the line that passes through
(2,-1) and (6,2)
(-5,2), and (-1,-6)

General form Ax + By + C = 0
Re-write the above equations in the General form of an equation of a straight line.
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 28
Parallel vs Perpendicular Lines
• Parallel => lines have the same slope
• Perpendicular => lines have negative reciprocal slope

Why does this make sense.

To be parallel
• It must never cross
• It must stay the same distance away from the other line continuously
To be perpendicular:
• it rises/falls in the opposite direction hence negative relational slope
• it will have an opposite “steepness” (if one is steep the other is flat)
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 29
Parallel vs Perpendicular
30

Lines con’t
The figure below shows two lines passing through 3,  2 . One
is parallel to the line y 3 x  1 ,and the other is perpendicular
to it. Find equations of these lines.

Figure 3.11 Lines parallel and perpendicular to y 3 x  1

 31

Parallel and Perpendicular

Lines con’t
The line through 3,  2  that is parallel to y 3x  1 also has slope 3.
Using a point-slope form, we get

y   2  3  x  3
y  2 3x  9
y 3x  11

The line through 1

3,  2  that is perpendicular to y 3 x  1 has a slope
3
.

Using a point-slope form, we get

1
y  ( 2)  ( x  3)
3
1
y  2  x 1
3
1
y  x 1
3
Let’s try it
Find the parallel line to 2y= 4x + 7 and passing through (0,7)

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 32

Let’s try it
Find the perpendicular line to y=3x-5 passing through (3,4)

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 33

Graphing Lines
For any General Linear Equation (an equation of the first order, where x and y
are linearly related), you will end up with a straight line.

To graph a straight line, you only need two points

(the shortest distance between two points is a straight line).

The easiest way to do this is to look at the equation of the line

2x-3y+6 = 0 for example
And determine what the y intercept must be when x = 0
And what the x intercept is when y = 0.

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 34

Let’s try it
A bakery owner starts her business with a loan of $100,000. After
operating for 5 years, she has paid off the loan, and accumulated net
profits of $40,000.

Find the equation of the line depicting this change.

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 35

Terminology for Equations
Terminology for Equations Example

Identity X2 – 4 = (x+2)(x-2) is true for all values of x.

An equation that is valid for all values of
the unknown

Contraction x + 5 = x + 1 is not valid for any value of x.

An equation that is not valid for any of the
unknown(s)
Conditional Equation 3x-5 = x + 1 is only valid when x = 3
An equation that is valid only for certain 2x + y = 5 is only valid for certain
values of the unknown(s) combinations of x and y. e.g. when x = 2, y
must be 1; when x = 1, y must be 3.

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 36

Solving Equations
An equation has an equal sign in it.
What is on one side of the equal sign is equal to what is on the other side.
So, if we have an equation, any number representing the unknown
that produces equality when substituted in the equation
satisfies the equation and represents a valid solution for the equation.

Eg. 3x – 5 = x +1
Are x=3 and x=2 valid solutions of this equation?

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 37

Solving Equations (con’t)
To solve an equation, we find the values that satisfy it.
In solving equations, remember that what you do to one side, you must do to the other.
• add the same number to both sides,
• subtract the same number on both sides,
• multiple both sides by the same number (although using 0 is no helpful since 0=0), or
• divide both sides by the same number (but not 0, because that leaves you with something
undefined).

To solve the equation, isolate one variable.

Eg. X-3 = 12
X+3 = 12
x/3 = 12
3x = 12
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 38
Solving Equations (con’t)
Procedure for solving equations
- Remember BEDMAS…..
- Use the distributive law to simply groupings
- Combine like terms on each side
- Perform the same operations on both sides in order to isolate x
- Solve for x
- Test your solution by putting into the original equation

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 39

Reminder on Ratio and
Proportions
The quotient a/b is also called the ratio of a over b.
An equation stating that two ratios are equal is called a proportion.
Since a proportion is an equation, if one of the numbers is unknown, we can solve
for its value.

e.g. If the ratio of x to 8 equals the ratio of three to 4, we have the proportion
x = 3
8 4
You can either se the cross product rule to solve ie 4*x = 3*8, ie. 4x = 24, x = 6
Or, you can multiple both sides by 8, x = ¾ * 8; x = 6
Check the solution: 6/8 = ¾= 3/4
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 40
Let’s Try It
Solve and check your solution (in the original equation):
2t -7 = 9

x-7 = 3x – (6x-8)

2(5-x) – x – 8

|x| -9 = 2

(4x– 2(x-4))/3 = 8

2x = -5(7-3x) + 2
4 Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 41
Homework
Remember homework is not marked – it is preparation for doing the assignment in
MyLab. Do as many as you think you need to understand the concepts and do well
on the MyLab. It’s also good preparation for tests and exams….
•3.1 - if you are unsure about ordered pairs)
•3.2 1-6, 11-35, 37-62,
•3.3 1- 22, 23-34, 35-42, 45-53, 56-58,60
•3.4 1-4, 6, 9, 10, 13, 16-24, 25-30, 46-48
•3.5 1-4, 5-14, 15-18, 19-22, 32-34, 47-50
•3.6 1-4, 6-8, 7-20, 21-28, 29 – 36, 37- 40,
•3.7 1-4, 6,8,10,17, 26-34, 39-41, 45-46
•3.8 5-16, 19-26, 28,29,31,32,33, 35-38, 40-48, 51-55, 59-60, 67-72, 82-86

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 42

Remember: Midterm 1
- Read the announcements.
- Be on time.
- If you are commuting remember the GO has a different schedule on
weekends. Traffic patterns are different too.
- Dress in layers – make sure you can take your sweater off if you get too warm.
- No eating/coffee during the test – only water
- Your classes are during the week, and not in the TRSM building. There is no
week off because we have a weekend test. Check the course outline schedule.
- Your test is on the weekend, in the TRSM building. Rooms are assigned via
Announcements. Seats are assigned in the room by last name (Akindi).
- Read the question! Use all your critical thinking skills.

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 43

References
Barnett, R.A., Ziegler, M.R., Byleen, K.E. and Stocker. C.J. (2019) Calculus
for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, fourteenth
edition. Pearson.

Applied Mathematics for Business QMS110, Custom Edition for Ryerson

University. Pearson Education Inc.

(note: generally, the authors and the date of publication would proceed
the title of the book – in this case, as it is a custom edition, I have not.)

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 44