QMS110 F2024

Week 1

Dr. A. van Hilten

Copyright Adriana van Hilten 1

TODAY
• Welcome and Introductions
• Orientation Session – Course Overview
• How the class will go (e.g. breaks, working out problems)
• QMS110 – Week 1 Topics

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Welcome and Introductions
I’m Dr. van Hilten. Please call me Professor, or Prof.

Show of hands: Is this your first ever university class? First year, first
course, first day?
Congratulations, and welcome!

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Orientation Session – Course
Overview
Course Overview:
- What do we expect you to learn (briefly)
- Schedule of Topics (weeks 1-12)
- How you will be graded (evaluations, components and weights) and
when do they take place?
- MyLab - weekly
- Midterms – two; one in October, one in November.
- Please sure to check these esp vs drop dates (partial/no refund/no academic penalty)
- Exam (final) as per the university’s exam schedule (check in November)
- What happens if you miss an evaluation?
- Medical, Extenuating Circumstances
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Earning Marks
• Reminder: Only the items identified in the course outline as part of
the Evaluation ”count” in calculating your grade. No “extra marks”,
“extra credit” etc

• Reminder: YOU EARN marks.

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Concluding Thoughts
This is a challenging course for some people.
Please do not get behind.

There are lots of aids at the university: PASS, Math Tutoring, PAL, office
hours with the prof…. Use them! They are free!

Doing the practice questions will help, but the midterms and exams
require all your problem-solving skills
The questions on midterms and exams are not the same as the practice
problems or assignments.
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Let’s go!

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Week 1 Topics – i.e. For Today
1. Numbers
• Real
• Natural
• Whole
• Integers
• Rational (Fractions)
• Irrational (not perfect fractions)
• Imaginary
2. Basics of Arithmetic: Order of Operations - BEDMAS
3. Fractions
4. Fundamental Operations
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1. Numbers
Imaginary
(see Figure 1.1, p. 2 of your text)
√-1, , √-7

Real Numbers
Rational (-3/8, 1.6)
Irrational
(π, √3, √5)
Integers (-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,…)

Whole (0,1,2,3…)

Natural (1,2,3…)

9
Looking at it a different way….. All the
numbers
See Figure 1.13, p. 31 of your text

Imaginary
Numbers
Natural Numbers
(“N”)
Whole Numbers

Integers (“Z”) Zero

Rational Negatives of
Numbers (“Q”) natural numbers
Real Numbers Non-integer
(“R”) ratios of integers
Irrational
Numbers (“I”)

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Natural Natural Numbers (“N”)
Numbers (N) - The numbers we can count
with our fingers and toes,
and our friends’ fingers and
toes….
Imaginary
- Positive integers
Numbers

Natural Numbers
(“N”)
Whole Numbers

Examples:
Integers (“Z”) Zero
Rational Numbers Negatives of
(“Q”) natural numbers
Non-integer ratios
Real Numbers (“R”)
of integers
Irrational Numbers

1,2,3,4,5,6,….19,….25, etc
(“I”)

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 Whole Whole Numbers
Numbers -0, and the natural numbers (count
with our fingers and toes)
-i.e. 0, and all the Positive integers

Imaginary
Numbers
From a number line perspective, 0 is
Natural Numbers
(“N”)
also known as the ‘origin’. Positive
numbers are to the right of the origin.
Whole Numbers

Integers (“Z”) Zero

Rational Numbers Negatives of
(“Q”) natural numbers
Non-integer ratios
Real Numbers (“R”)
of integers
Irrational Numbers
(“I”)

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 Negative Numbers
Negative
”how much as been taken away”
Numbers
- The “negative” of positive integers, or
“natural numbers”

Imaginary
Numbers - Note that the “absolute value” of a
Natural Numbers
(“N”)
number is always it’s positive
Rational Numbers
(“Q”)
Integers (“Z”)
Whole Numbers

Negatives of
natural numbers
Zero equivalent.
- So, the |negative| = positive
Non-integer ratios
Real Numbers (“R”)
of integers
Irrational Numbers
(“I”)

- Negative numbers are to the left of

the origin on a number line.
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 Integers “Z”
Integers (Z) - Positive numbers, 0, and
negative numbers
- i.e. whole numbers and
negative numbers
Imaginary
Numbers

Natural Numbers
(“N”)
Whole Numbers

Integers (“Z”) Zero

Rational Numbers Negatives of
(“Q”) natural numbers
Non-integer ratios
Real Numbers (“R”)
of integers
Irrational Numbers
(“I”)

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 Rational “Q”
Rational (Q) (think Q from Bond, James Bond)
- Any number that can be expressed as a/b,
where a and b are integers and b ≠0
- “a” is the numerator,
- “b” is the denominator
Imaginary
Numbers

Whole Numbers
Natural Numbers
(“N”)
- When a fraction is converted to a decimal, it
Rational Numbers
(“Q”)
Integers (“Z”)

Non-integer ratios
Negatives of
natural numbers
Zero

may be a terminal, or repeating decimal

Real Numbers (“R”)
of integers
Irrational Numbers
(“I”)

- E.g. 7/1 (=7), 10/8 (=1.25), -3/8 (=-0.375),

2/3 (=0.6 repeating),
1121/1665 (=0.673273273…)
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 IThiank
Irrational (“I”)
Irrational (I)
When the number cannot be written as
a/b where a and b are integers.
For example, π is an irrational number,
Imaginary
Numbers
as it is a non-repeating decimal
Natural Numbers
(“N”)

(See the movie “The Man who knew

Whole Numbers

Integers (“Z”) Zero

Rational Numbers Negatives of

Infinity”)
(“Q”) natural numbers
Non-integer ratios
Real Numbers (“R”)
of integers
Irrational Numbers
(“I”)

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 Real (“R”)
Real www.ipracticemath.com

Imaginary
Numbers

A real number is a number that can be found on the number line.

Natural Numbers
(“N”)
Whole Numbers

Integers (“Z”) Zero

Rational Numbers Negatives of

• Natural numbers
(“Q”) natural numbers
Non-integer ratios
Real Numbers (“R”)
of integers
Irrational Numbers
(“I”)
• Whole numbers
• Integers
• Fractions
• Rational numbers
• Irrational numbers

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 Imaginary
Imaginary • An Imaginary number involves the
square root of a negative number.
• (i.e. there are no two identical
numbers that when multiplied
together result in a negative number –
Imaginary
Numbers
so it is an ‘imaginary number’)
• Eg. √-2, √-5/6, π/√-6
Natural Numbers
(“N”)
Whole Numbers

Integers (“Z”) Zero

Rational Numbers Negatives of

(note that -√2 is real)

(“Q”) natural numbers
Non-integer ratios
Real Numbers (“R”)
of integers
Irrational Numbers
(“I”)

• My favourite imaginary numbers

situation (from the movie “A Beautiful
Mind”)
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The Real Numbers
Symbol Name Description Examples
N Natural Counting Numbers (also called positive integers) 1,2,3,…
Z Integer Natural numbers, their negatives and 0 …-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…
Q Rational Numbers that can be represented as a/b, where a and b are -4, 0, 25
integers and b ≠0; decimal representations are repeating or -3/5, 2/5,
terminating 3.67, -0.333, 5.2727272…
I Irrational Numbers that can be represented as non-repeating and non- √2, 7 (1/3),1.414213…., π
terminating decimal numbers
R Real Rational and Irrational Numbers (all of the above)

Imaginary Natural Numbers

Numbers (“N”)
Whole Numbers

Integers (“Z”) Zero

Rational Numbers Negatives of
(“Q”) natural numbers
Real Numbers Non-integer ratios
(“R”) of integers
Irrational
Numbers (“I”)

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Notation – Equalities and
inequalities
Symbol “said as” Meaning Example
= Equal The two sides are equal 3 = 6/2
> Greater than The left side is greater than the right side 2 > -4
≥ Greater than or equal to The left side is greater than or equal to the a≥5
right side
< Less than The left side is less than the right side 3<6
≤ Less than or equal to The left side is less than or equal to the right b ≤ -3
side

NOTE: the logical opposite of “equal” (=), is “does not equal” (≠)
NOTE: < is not the same as ≤
> is not the same as ≥
Check out the number line on the next page for how we write this on the number line:
Remember, round brackets if <,>, and square brackets if ≤, ≥
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c > -2 c ≥ -2

C ≤ -2
C < -2
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Reciprocals, and dominates
Reciprocal: means flip the number upside down.
A fraction times its reciprocal = 1 ALWAYS
Number Reciprocal Product
7 1/7 7* 1/7 = 1
π 1/π π* 1/π = 1
-5 - 1/5 -5 * -1/5 = 1
2/3 1/(2/3) = 3/2 2/3* 3/2 =1

NOTE: a number can itself be a fraction

Dominates: numbers that represent measurement and are written as a unit of measurement. E.g.
Profits, costs, and revenues are currency amounts.
E.g. $100 profit results from selling a good at $1100 when it had a cost of $1000

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Variables
Variable: a number that is not yet known, and we designate a “placeholder”
for it e.g. via a designated letter.

Independent variable: what we control

Dependent variable (or response variable): the value that corresponds to the
independent variable

Eg. It costs b dollars a day to run a coffee shop (“fixed cost”), and each cup of
coffee produced costs a dollars. The total daily cost, C, of running a coffee shop
if we make N cups of coffee is:
C = b + aN
Note: b and a are constants, N is the independent variable, and C is the
response, or dependent variable.Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 23
Absolute Values
The absolute value of a number is its magnitude without regard to its sign. i.e. The magnitude is
how far away it is from 0, no matter which side of 0.
The absolute value notation is | |
i.e. the magnitude of what is inside the double lines.

Absolute values can be found for any REAL number.

e.g. |6| = 6
|-7| = 7
|-0.35| = 0.35
|-a| = |a| where a is a real number
Be careful!
-|-a| = -a for any real number
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You Try It
1. Identify the following as N, Z, Q, I, R: (more than one designation
may apply):
a. 3
b. Sqrt(-4)

c. -2.33

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You Try It
2. Find the reciprocal:
a. -0.25
b. x
c. 123/19
d. 2π

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You Try It
3. If a and b are positive integers and b>a, place the following on the
number line:
a. b-a
b. a-b

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2. Order of Operations:
BEDMAS
BEDMAS:
Brackets
Exponents
Division
Multiplication
Addition
Subtraction

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BEDMAS
5^2 = 52
5*2=5x2

(9 - 4) *2 =
9–4*2=
(9-4) ^2 =
9 – 4^2 =

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BEDMAS con’t
8 * (9-4) = 8 (9-4)

(12-4)/(6-2)

128 / (2 * 4)^2 -3

128 / (2 * 4 ) ^ (2-3)

128/ ((2*4) ^ 2 – 3)

128 / 2*4 ^ 2 - 3 Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 30

Negatives and Positives in
Multiplication and Division
• Two positive numbers multiplied together = Positive
• Two negative numbers multiplied together = Positive
• A negative and a positive multiplied together = Negative

• Positive numerator and positive denominator = Positive

• Negative numerator and negative denominator = Positive
• Positive numerator and negative denominator = Negative
• Negative numerator and positive denominator = Negative

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Positive and Negatives in Exponents
• If the number is positive – then the product is always positive

• If the number is negative and the exponent is even - then the product
is positive

• If the number is negative and the exponent is odd – then the product
is negative

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The special case of Zero
• Any number to the power zero = 1

• Zero as the numerator (and denominator is non-zero)- the fraction

reduces to 0.

• Zero as the denominator – fraction is “undefined” (“divided by zero”

error)

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You Try It

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3. Fractions
Common Fractions
- The numerator is the number on the top ( also called the “part”)
- The denominator is the number on the bottom (also called the
“whole”)
- The numbers are the terms of the fraction
- A proper fraction has the numerator < denominator. E.g. 3/8
- An improper fraction has a numerator > denominator E.g. 6/5
(i.e. an improper fraction is greater than 1 always)

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3. Fractions (con’t)
Equivalent Fractions
- Obtained by maintaining the value of the fraction
and changing the terms (i.e. the numerator and denominator)
E.g. ¾ = 6/8

What you do to top you must do to the bottom and vis versa (v.v.)
i.e. I multiplied 3 * 2 to get 6, so I must multiply 4 * 2 (=8)

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3. Fractions (con’t)
Equivalent fractions can be reduced to lower terms if both the
numerator and denominator are divisible by the same number

e.g. 210/252

What goes into 210?

What goes into 252?

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You Try It!
Convert mixed numbers to improper fractions, and improper fractions
to mixed numbers:
a. 6

b. 4

c. 5

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The lowest common denominator
(LCD)
In math, it’s a way to find equivalent fractions so you can get different
fractions to work together (for addition and subtraction of fractions)
vs. colloquial usage: "lowest common denominator" negatively describes a
rule, proposal, opinion, or media that is deliberately simplified so as to appeal
to the largest possible number of people (Collins English Dictionary, 2018)

The lowest common denominator (“LCD”) is the lowest common multiplier of

the denominators of the fractions.
E.g. the LCD for 4/5, 7/9, 5/6

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LCD Pointer
How to get the LCD
- Divide all the denominators by 2 (or 4, or 6 etc) until these numbers
are evenly reduced to 1.
- Divide all the denominators by 3 (or 6 or 9 etc)…
- Divide all the denominators by 5 (or 10 etc)….
- Etc…
- Multiple all the “divisors” together to get the LCD

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• Denominators of 4/5, 7/9, 5/6
5 9 6
Divide by 2 … …. 3
Divide by 3 ….. 3 1
Divide by 3 again …. 1 1
Divide by 5 1 1 1

• So, the LCD is 2*3*3*5 = 90

- To change 4/5 to LCD, multiple top & bottom by (2*3*3)=
- To change 7/9 to LCD, multiple top & bottom by (2 * 5) =
- To change 5/6 to LCD, multiple top & bottom by (3 * 5) =
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Multiplying and Dividing Fractions
• Multiply a/b * c/d (note that b, d ≠0)
• It means: multiple the numerators together, and multiple the denominators
together
• =ac/bd

• Divide a/b by c/d

• It means: invert the second fraction, and then multiply

• Ie. a/b ÷ c/d

• = a/b x d/c
• = ad/bc
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Simplify vs. Factor
Simplify = bring all like terms together (by doing BEDMAS)
vs Factor = “bring together” the common terms

• Eg. 9x – 4y + 3(x+y)
= 9x – 4y + 3x + 3y
= 12x – y

Vs. x( -9 - 4) – y (7+6)
= -9x – 4x – 7y – 6y
= -13 (x + y)
To simplify this I need to write -13x – 13 y
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Converting Fractions to Decimal
Form
The fraction line is effectively a division sign.
i.e. 6/8 is 6 divided by 8 = 0.75

Mixed numbers are whole numbers plus a fraction, such as 5 ¾

(note that in its improper form it is 23/4)
i.e. 20/4 + ¾ = 5 ¾
= 5.75

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Rounding!
This is important, because you need to know what happens when you
earn a 49.4 vs a 49.45 vs a 49.54 in your total grade. It is rounded to an
integer.

RULES:
- If the first digit in the group of decimal digits that is to be dropped is
the digit 5 or greater (i.e 5,6,7,8,9), the last digit retained is increased
by 1.
- If the first digit in the group of decimal digits that is to be dropped is
less than the digit 5 (i.e. 4,3,2,1,0), the last digit remains unchanged.
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Rounding Numbers
Rounding to two decimals
look at the number in the third decimal place.
If it is 5 or more, add ‘one’ to the second decimal place number
If it is less than 5, add ‘zero’ to the second decimal place number.

Ie. 3.1476 round to 2 decimals:

Note: if the second decimal place number is a 9, and you need to ‘add 1’,
(24.897, 1.996, 3199.99833)
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Complex Fractions
When the fraction is composed of fractions….
i.e. there is a fraction in the numerator or denominator or both:
Solve using BEDMAS!

E.g. 420.00000
1600* ¾

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References
Collins English Dictionary, accessed February 21, 2018

Applied Mathematics for Business QMS110, Custom Edition for Ryerson

University. Pearson Education Inc.
(note: generally, the authors and the date of publication would proceed
the title of the book – in this case, as it is a custom edition, I have not.)

https://www.ipracticemath.com/learn/realnumber

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