Climate Change

Module 14
November 16,
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2022
Introduction
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 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
 a United Nations body that evaluates and monitors climate
change.

 The report's important conclusions were the following:

 the world's climate has changed significantly

over the past century;

 the significant change has human influence;

 using climate models and if the trend

continues, the global mean surface
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temperature will increase between 1°C and

3.5°C by 2100.
  Climate is a measure of the
average pattern of variation in
temperature, humidity,
atmospheric pressure, wind,
precipitation, atmospheric
particle count and other
meteorological variables in a
given region over long periods of
time.

 Climate change refers to the

statistically significant changes in
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climate for continuous period of

time.
 The Causes of
Climate Change
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 The causes of climate
change could be natural or
by human activities.
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 Natural Causes

1. Volcanic Eruptions

 It emits different natural

aerosols like carbon dioxide,
sulfur dioxides, salt crystals,
volcanic ashes or dust and even
microorganisms like bacteria and
viruses.

 It causes cooling effect that can

last for 2 years because it blocks
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solar radiation coming from the

sun.
 Volcanic Eruptions That Cause
Climate Change:

Mount Tambora of Indonesia 1816

o Largest known eruption in

human history.

o Caused snowfall in the

northeastern US in Canada.

o It affected their agricultural

lands, losing crops that caused
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food shortage and increased

human mortality.
 Eruptions of Mount Krakatau of
Indonesia in 1883 and Mt. Pinatubo
of the Phi. in 1991 contributed,
too, to the cold years of planet
Earth.
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 Natural Causes

2. Orbital Changes

Earth's orbit can also cause climate

change.

This was proposed by the

Milankovitch theory, which states that
the temperature on Earth was
influenced by 3 variables related to
the position of the earth relative to
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the sun.
 The three elements that have cyclic variations are
eccentricity, obliquity, and precession.
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 Human Activities or
Anthropogenic

Human activities contribute to

climate change.

The largest known

contribution comes from the
burning of fossil fuels, which
releases carbon dioxide gas to
the atmosphere.
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 Human Activities or
Anthropogenic

Human activities result in

emissions of FOUR PRINCIPAL
GREENHOUSE GASES:

1. Carbon Dioxide(CO2)
2. Methane (CH4)
3. Nitrous oxide (N2O)
4. Halocarbons (Fluorine,
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Chlorine, and Bromine)

 High level of carbon dioxide
comes from fossil fuel.

Deforestation also releases

carbon dioxide and reduces its
uptake by plants.
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 Carbon dioxide (CO2) is added
when power and heat are
produced by burning coal, oil,
and other fossil fuels.

Doubling the carbon dioxide

raises the temperature to 2°C
to 3°C.
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 High methane emission is related
to agriculture, natural gas
distribution, and landfills.

High nitrous oxide is also

emitted by human activities
such as fertilizer use and fossil
fuel burning.
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 Halocarbon gas concentrations
have increased primarily due to
human activities.

Principal halocarbons include the

chlorofluorocarbons (eg., CFC-11
and CFC-12) which were used
extensively as refrigeration
agents and in other industrial
processes before their presence
in the atmosphere was found to
cause Stratospheric ozone
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depletion.
 Halocarbons released by
human activities have caused
the ozone hole over Antarctica.

Now, chlorofluorocarbon gases

are decreasing as a result of
international regulations
designed to protect the
ozone layer.
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 Effects of Climate
Change on Society
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 Climate change directly affects the basic
elements of people's lives like water,
food, health, use of land, and the
environment.

With the average global temperature

which is predicted to rise by 2 to 3°C
within the next fifty years, glaciers will
continue to melt faster.

Melting or collapse of ice sheets would

raise sea levels and eventually threaten
at least 4 million km² of land, which today
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is home to 5% of the world's population

 Ecosystems will be particularly vulnerable
to climate change, with one study
estimating that around 15-40% of species
face extinction with 2°C of warming.

Ocean acidification, a direct result of rising

carbon dioxide levels, will have major
effects on marine ecosystems, with
possible adverse consequences on fish
stocks.

Climate change will increase worldwide

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deaths from malnutrition and heat stress.

END
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 References:
• Serafica, J. P., Pawilen, G., Caslib Jr., B., & Alata, E. (n.d.). Science, Technology, and Society.
REX Book Store
• As You Sow. (2022, February 28). IPCC warns of immediate and growing threat of climate
change, companies and investors must act decisively. As You Sow. Retrieved November 11,
2022, from https://www.asyousow.org/press-releases/2022/2/28/ipcc-warns-immediate-
growing-threat-climate-change-companies-investors-must-act
• Earth day: The future. A\J. (2021, April 22). Retrieved November 11, 2022, from
https://www.alternativesjournal.ca/community/earth-day-the-future/
• When volcanoes erupt. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. (n.d.). Retrieved
November 11, 2022, from https://naturalhistory.si.edu/education/teaching-resources/earth-
science/when-volcanoes-erupt
• Bond, L. (2018, September 13). Anirudh. Learnodo Newtonic. Retrieved November 11, 2022,
from https://learnodo-newtonic.com/mount-tambora-facts
• A&E Television Networks. (2018, May 9). Krakatoa. History.com. Retrieved November
11, 2022, from https://www.history.com/topics/natural-disasters-and-environment/krakatoa
• The cataclysmic 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, fact sheet 113-97. (n.d.).
Retrieved November 11, 2022, from https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/
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• Why does CO2 lag temperature? (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2022, from
https://skepticalscience.com/print.php?n=116
 References:
• Earth's axis of rotation. Science News. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2022, from
https://taylorsciencegeeks.weebly.com/blog/earths-axis-of-rotation
• Henderson, R. D. R. by E. (2022, July 15). How have microbes adapted to climate change?
News. Retrieved November 12, 2022, from https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/How-
Have-Microbes-Adapted-to-Climate-Change.aspx
• Bausback, B. (n.d.). The 3 most common landfill problems & solutions. Handex
Consulting & Remediation. Retrieved November 12, 2022, from https://www.hcr-
llc.com/blog/the-3-most-common-landfill-problems-solutions
• Hussain, G. (2022, November 2). How does agriculture affect deforestation? Sentient Media.
Retrieved November 12, 2022, from https://sentientmedia.org/how-does-agriculture-cause-
deforestation/
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