Construction Methods & Project

Management
CE - 412 / CE - 412L MIDTERM
Construction
• the process or act of constructing or manner in
which a thing is constructed. the thing constructed; a
structure. the business or work of building dwellings,
offices, etc.

Construction methods are the techniques

construction professionals use to build
structures and complete projects. Classified by
the materials they require, their design and
purpose, professionals separate construction
methods into many types, Being able to identify
some of these types help establish your career
in a construction field.
Construction methods are the building practices
professionals use when creating houses, offices and
other buildings. The construction method a team of
professionals decides to use often depends on factors
such as costs, the materials available, the expertise of
the construction team and the building's location.

Construction methods are important for construction

professionals, engineers and architects to understand.
This knowledge helps design structures, plan projects
and create safe working environments. It is also useful
information to know when interviewing for positions
related to the construction field.
• There are different factors as to why you
should choose certain construction
methods, namely:

• size of the building

• location of the construction
• purpose of the building
• budget for the project
• environmental factors
Types of construction methods

Professionals often classify construction method types

by the structure, primary purpose and materials of the
building's foundation and framing. Different types of
construction methods may require certain expertise. The
project manager or the designer of the structure or
building is often the professionals responsible for
choosing a construction method unless specified by the
client.
Here is a list of types of
construction methods
Precast flat panel system

When construction professionals use a precast flat panel

system for a building, they create the floor and walls of
the structure off-site. The project manager or the
engineer who designed the building often provides a
third-party factory with specific measurements for floor
and wall panels. Then, the professionals transport these
panels and put them together with the use of heavy
machinery. This construction method is useful for
buildings with a repeated design, such as stores in a
strip mall or office buildings.
Flat slab construction

Flat slab construction is one of the most

efficient and common construction methods
professionals use to provide support for a
building. This method uses heavy-duty
columns attached to the middle of a slab of
concrete to reinforce floors from below. Flat
slab construction helps increase energy
efficiency and allows professionals to finish
their projects in a speedy manner.
Professionals often use flab slabs in the
construction of parking garages and
industrial buildings.
• Precast cladding panels

Precast cladding panels are a versatile

construction method that professionals use for
both aesthetic and load-bearing purposes.
Manufacturers create these cladding panels
and transport them to the construction site,
where construction professionals attach them
to the outside of the building's frame. Precast
cladding panels are an inexpensive way to
replicate the design of any building.
• Concrete walls and floors

Professionals pour and cure concrete walls

and floors, also known as cement floors, on the
construction site. Often, when professionals
use special tools to allow the concrete walls
and floors a smooth texture and finish.
Concrete walls and floors offer many
advantages, such as a low production cost and
minimal maintenance for the building owner.
Professionals use this method for a variety of
projects, including basements and ground
floors for homes and industrial buildings.
3D volumetric modules

3D volumetric construction starts with the manufacture of

3D modules, which are individual structures often made
of the same material. On the construction site,
professionals piece these modules together to make a
larger building. This allows the rapid construction of a
building. Because of this, professionals often use 3D
volumetric modules in projects that share the same
design plan.
Twin wall technology

A twin wall system has two parallel walls. Construction

professionals reinforce these walls by filling the gap
between them with concrete. Twin wall systems provide
structural integrity and waterproof conditions. This is a
popular and cost-efficient construction method for homes
or any building with precast floors.
Precast concrete foundation

Professionals use precast concrete when a project

requires rapid installation of the foundation for a
structure. For these projects, manufacturers create all
the components for the foundation in factories and
transport them to the construction site. There,
construction professionals piece the concrete
components together to lay the foundation of the
building. This is ideal for construction sites in areas of
extreme weather or contaminated grounds because it
requires minimal soil excavation.
Timber framing

When implementing timber framing methods,

construction professionals use high-quality and heavy-
duty lumber. In this method, professionals connect long
beams of timber together to make a building frame.
Timber framing is a historic construction method that has
become a modern design trend for American homes.
Heavy steel framing

Much like timber framing, heavy steel framing attaches

steel beams to create the frame of a building.
Manufacturing professionals create these steel beams in
factories and then ship them to the construction site.
Professionals recommend this construction method for
buildings that need extensive structural support, such as
skyscrapers.
Light framing

When using light framing methods, construction

professionals use dimensional lumber or light-frame steel
to create individual frames for each floor of the building.
Professionals connect each framing aspect with nails or
by welding the pieces together. This construction method
is very popular in American homes, especially in suburbs
or housing communities.
Masonry

Masonry involves the use of stone-based materials.

When constructing a building with masonry techniques,
construction professionals connect individual bricks or
stones with mortar to create a building frame and
reinforce it with concrete. Professionals use this
construction method or aesthetic and reinforcement
purposes. Masonry is popular in the construction of
houses.
Formwork

Professionals use formwork when using concrete

materials to create foundations and structural
frames. Formwork refers to the mold
construction workers create before pouring
concrete. These molds can be temporary or
permanent, depending on the building's needs.
There are many types of formwork, including
timber, engineered, reusable plastic, flexible and
permanent insulated.
Raft foundations

A floating raft system is a

method of foundation that
supports a building by shifting
its weight to the ground below it.
Raft foundations are continuous
slabs of material. Professionals
often use this construction
method to avoid a sinking
foundation. It is very popular for
structures built on areas with
soft soil or frequent rainfall.
• Load-bearing masonry construction

Professionals primarily use load-bearing masonry

construction methods when building walls. This
technique involves layering units of brick or stone
to provide stability to the structure. Load-bearing
masonry construction is one of the oldest
construction techniques and is most commonly
used in small residential buildings, such as
apartment complexes.
• Tunnel formwork

Professionals use tunnel formwork to

build structures that utilize several
units within the interior of the building,
such as hotels, apartment buildings and
office spaces. Tunnel formwork uses
reinforced concrete and allows
professionals to ensure quality and
speed while building on site. Because of
this, professionals can complete
buildings that use tunnel formwork
within a limited time frame.
• Hybrid concrete

• Hybrid concrete construction methods include using both

precast concrete materials and materials created on site.
There are many benefits to using this method, including
lower costs, quicker construction, sustainable buildings
and safe construction processes. Professionals often
use hybrid concrete construction methods when building
commercial structures, such as parking garages, banks
and office buildings.
• Insulating concrete

Insulating concrete is a construction

method that professionals often use in
collaboration with formwork and twin wall
technology. In this method, professionals
will walls with high-quality concrete that
manufacturing professionals make outside
of the construction site. This concrete
provides a stable structure for the building
and provides sound and thermal insulation
for the building.
• Thin joint masonry

When using thin joint masonry techniques,

professionals apply mortar between
masonry materials as usual, then scrape a
portion of the mortar off to apply elsewhere.
This is a cost-effective technique that
professionals also use for aesthetic
purposes. Professionals implement this
method when on a strict time limit for a
masonry project because the mortar sets at
a quicker pace than usual without
compromising the structural integrity of a
building.
Different Construction
Methods Used in the
Philippines
• Concrete Construction Method

Concrete has become popular worldwide,

especially in commercial buildings. This method is
commonly used in civil engineering because of its
strength and ability to support weight.

Concrete is a combination of cement and water,

which is mixed with either stone or sand. It
becomes more sturdy when reinforced by rebars.
• Masonry Construction Method

This method makes use of various materials such

as concrete blocks, stones, and bricks that are
bound together.

Since it is non-combustible and high-resistant, this

method is popularly used to build fireplaces and
walkways. Building owners who want a rustic look
opt for masonry.
• Hybrid Construction Method

The hybrid method combines different techniques and

materials, and often makes use of prefabricated
materials for building.

Builders prefer this method because of the uniqueness

of the output. This method is also more flexible,
economical, and more efficient time-wise.
• Steel Framing Construction Method

Steel framing, whether structural steel or cold-

formed, has been used by builders since the 19th
century. Most builders prefer to use steel for
commercial buildings because of their strength and
thickness.

Despite its prohibitive costs, it has also become a

favorite method for residential projects.
Wood Framing Construction Method

One of the most popular and widely used

methods centuries ago and even up to now is
wood framing. Builders opt for this method not
only for residential structures, but even for
industrial and commercial structures.

Aesthetics aside, wooden frames are

environment-friendly since they absorb carbon.
CONSTRUCTION IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
• Civil construction falls in the category of
civil engineering which is all about
designing, constructing and maintaining the
physical and naturally built environment.
Civil construction is the art of building
bridges, dams, roads, airports, canals, and
buildings.
• The civil construction industry consists of
the individuals and companies involved in
the planning, creation, and designing of our
infrastructure.
• Civil construction truly shapes the world
around us, and with the new technology that
is increasing productivity, civil construction
projects can now be done with a quicker
schedule.
• It's responsible for the majority of structures we
use that isn't privately owned.
• Everything from massive bridges for
transportation to walkway construction and
wastewater treatment centers to dams, the civil
field encompasses some of the most essential
building projects that are completed in our world
each year.
• The sector truly helps humans get where they
want to be in addition to what they need.
Role of Civil Engineers

Civil engineers are the people in charge of

managing construction projects

Among other things, they are responsible

for making the design of the project they
are assigned.

Civil Engineers plan, design, and then test

the structures before they are ready to be
used by the public.
Their work starts at designing the architectural
drawings, choosing material for the project, and
then working on the design.

They not only think about the structure but also

how the construction of the project will affect its
surroundings.

They have to be sure they produce an

economical, safe, and environmentally stable
structure for each of their projects.

Civil engineers can choose from many areas of

specialization.
They can choose the fields of municipal
engineering, chief civil engineering, structural
engineering, construction engineering, water
supply distribution engineering, or even
transport engineering.

Civil engineers are also required to handle some

activities related to site preparation, including
excavation, grading large projects, and even
earth moving.

They also have to evaluate and monitor the

projects and are responsible for ensuring the
quality of materials and project structures.
Work performed in the Civil
Construction Industry
There are many tasks performed in the industry,
including the planning, creation, and
maintenance of public infrastructure.

Anything that will make the lives of people

easier.

Common work includes:

• Adhering to the guidelines created by the

government, local bodies, and clients when
planning, creating and maintaining
infrastructure
• Tendering the contracts and hiring contractors
• Creating cost estimates and contracts
• Creating infrastructure plans and having these
• Studying, evaluating, and investigating the
land and building sites suitable for the
possible creation of infrastructure
• Liaising with governments, clients, and
other professionals
• Supervising and monitoring the
construction of the infrastructure to ensure
it matches the plan
Projects in civil
construction
• Earthwork projects like capping landfills,
reshaping flood-prone areas, and building
new levees
• Bridges, from basic roadway crossings to
massive bridges
• Canals and river stabilization or widening
projects for both shipping and recreational
goals
• Wastewater treatment plants, holding tanks,
settlement ponds, and other essential
processing structures
• Railroads, including tracks for light rail,
high-speed, and streetcar systems growing
in popularity
• Airports, ports, and other major
transportation hubs
• Dams and corresponding reservoir tanks or
lakes, including systems designed for power
generation
• Roadways, ranging from simple-level residential
streets to complex overpasses and tunnels
CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY
 What Is Construction
Technology?

• Construction technology refers to the

advanced tools, equipment, and
methods used in the construction
industry to enhance efficiency, safety,
and sustainability. It includes a wide
range of solutions such as 3D
printing, drones, augmented reality,
and automated machinery to support
pre-construction activities and
improve the production of quality
building materials.
• Rather than replacing skilled workers, these
technologies focus on streamlining the most
challenging and hazardous tasks in
construction processes to improve project
management and reduce costs.
• These advanced technologies and innovative
solutions assist in planning, designing,
building, and managing construction
projects more effectively, addressing
challenges like labor shortages, safety
concerns, and project delays.
• How Has Construction and Building
Technology Changed Over Time?

• Construction and building technology have

evolved significantly over time, driven by
increasing demands for efficiency and
safety. Early construction involved manual
labor, but over the decades, technology like
power tools and heavy-duty equipment
emerged, improving productivity and safety.
• The emergence of machine learning,
artificial intelligence, and advanced software
has further transformed the industry,
allowing for more precise planning,
increased productivity, and better resource
management.
• Technologies such as Building Information
Modeling (BIM), prefabrication, wearable
tech, and autonomous equipment are now
integral, enhancing various aspects of
construction from design to execution.

• Moreover, there is a growing emphasis on

sustainable building practices, using
materials and methods that are
environmentally friendly and energy
efficient. Automation and robotics are also
beginning to play a role in construction,
promising further increases in efficiency
and safety
How Is Technology Changing the Construction
Industry?

• Technology is significantly transforming the construction

industry by improving efficiency, safety, and productivity.
Innovations like drones, augmented reality, and 3D printing
enable precise site surveys, enhanced visualization, and
rapid prototyping.

• Additionally, software and data analytics are

revolutionizing project management through real-
time tracking and predictive analytics. These
advancements are helping to overcome traditional
challenges such as project delays and costs, labor
shortages, and safety concerns.
• The Challenges in
Implementing Construction
Technologies
• Implementing construction technologies comes with
several challenges, including high initial costs and the
need for significant investment in new equipment and
training. There’s also resistance to change within the
industry, where traditional methods are deeply ingrained.
• Additionally, compatibility issues between different
technologies can complicate integration, and there are
concerns about data security and privacy with the
increased use of digital tools. There is also a significant
skills gap in the workforce, as many workers lack the
training to effectively use new technologies, which can
slow adoption and limit the benefits.
• Finally, regulatory challenges can arise,
as current laws may not accommodate
new technologies or the faster pace of
construction they enable. Cybersecurity
has become a critical concern as
reliance on digital tools increases.
Ensuring the security of sensitive data
is paramount as more aspects of
construction operations go digital.
 The Benefits of
Construction and Building
• Increases Safety
• Construction technology can not
only mitigate risks but also
foster a culture of safety that
spreads through all levels of a
construction project, from
planning through execution.
Here’s how:

• Real-time Monitoring: Utilizing drones and sensors for

continuous surveillance improves response times to
potential safety hazards, ensuring constant oversight.
• Wearable Technology: Devices that
monitor health indicators like carbon
monoxide levels, motion, and temperature
help prevent health-related incidents
before they occur.
• Automated Machinery: Automating
repetitive and high-risk tasks reduces the
likelihood of accidents caused by human
error, making sites safer for workers
• Virtual Reality (VR): VR technology is used
in safety training programs to simulate
realistic scenarios. This allows workers to
gain experience and practice handling
dangerous situations in a controlled, risk-
free environment.
• Robotic Layout Tools: These automate
crucial yet repetitive layout tasks,
reducing physical strain and exposure to
injury-prone environments.

• Enhances Efficiency and

Productivity
Construction technology not only
simplifies processes but also
compresses construction schedules,
directly impacting the bottom line by
reducing costs and enhancing the
quality of the final product. Here’s how:
• Building Information Modeling (BIM): BIM
and automated construction equipment
streamline complex processes, allowing for
faster completion of projects with fewer
errors. This leads to higher productivity
rates and more efficient resource
utilization.
• 3D Printing and Robotic Layout Printers:
These technologies enhance efficiency by
creating building components and printing
digital models directly on-site. This precise
approach reduces the need for rework,
saving time and materials.
• Drones for Surveying and Mapping: Drones
revolutionize site surveying by capturing aerial
images and generating detailed maps. This enables
more accurate and rapid data collection,
facilitating better-informed site planning and
design decisions.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI is employed for
project scheduling and resource management,
significantly improving efficiency. By analyzing
large volumes of data, AI algorithms help
construction managers optimize schedules,
effectively allocate resources, and minimize
downtime, thus speeding up project completion.
• Prefabrication Techniques: The adoption of
prefabrication involves manufacturing
components off-site and transporting them
to the construction site. This method not
only reduces on-site labor but also
minimizes waste and enhances quality
control, speeding up the overall project
timeline.
• Better Quality
Construction technology collectively improves the
overall quality of construction, ensuring that each
project achieves a higher standard of excellence,
sustainability, and functionality. Here’s how:

• Augmented Reality (AR): AR technology overlays

digital instructions directly onto the physical job
site, enabling workers to execute complex tasks
with greater accuracy. This integration of virtual
and real-world elements helps reduce errors and
enhance the precision of construction work.
• Robotic Layout Tools: These tools print
coordinated digital models directly onto
construction surfaces with an accuracy of
within 1/16 inch. This high degree of
precision ensures that the work is not only
of high quality but also adheres strictly to
the specified designs, reducing the
likelihood of costly mistakes.

• Precision Tools and Materials: The

employment of advanced construction
technologies involves the use of high-
quality materials and precision tools.
Coupled with sophisticated design
software, these elements contribute to
• Longevity and Aesthetics: The precise and
informed application of technology in
construction leads to buildings that are not
only more structurally sound but also more
visually appealing. This ensures that the
structures are built to last and meet both
functional and aesthetic standards.
Saves Time and Lowers Costs
Through construction technology,
construction companies can achieve
significant cost savings, improving their
bottom line while remaining competitive in
the industry. Here are some examples of how
this can be achieved:

• Automation and Prefabrication: These techniques

significantly expedite construction processes,
leading to substantial time savings. This not only
cuts down on labor costs but also reduces overall
project expenditures.
• Advanced Project Planning and
Management Tools: These tools aid in
better scheduling and resource allocation,
helping to minimize delays and prevent
cost overruns. Efficient planning ensures
projects stay on budget and meet
deadlines.

• Optimizing Material Usage: Advanced

analytics help in precisely calculating
material needs, reducing waste and
associated costs, thereby increasing the
overall efficiency of construction projects.
• Energy-Efficient Design: Utilizing modeling
software to create energy-efficient building
designs not only reduces energy
consumption but also lowers operating
expenses over the building’s lifecycle.

• Remote Collaboration Tools: These tools

decrease the need for travel, cutting down
travel-related costs while enhancing
communication among team members
spread across different locations.
Improves Collaboration
Construction technology collectively fosters
a more integrated approach to construction
projects, leading to improved outcomes
through enhanced collaboration. Here’s how:
• Cloud-Based Platforms: Digital tools such as
cloud-based DAM software facilitate seamless
collaboration among all stakeholders involved in a
project, from architects and engineers to
contractors and clients. These platforms allow for
document sharing and access control, ensuring
that everyone can work cohesively, regardless of
their physical location.
• Project Management Software: This
technology enables managers and team
members to access real-time
communications, updates, and a user-
friendly dashboard whether they are in the
field or out. This constant flow of
information keeps all parties informed
about the latest project developments.

• Automated Robotic Layout Tools: By

printing all trades’ layouts directly from
the coordinated model, these tools
enhance collaboration and minimize cross-
trade conflicts, streamlining the
construction process.
• Building Information Modeling (BIM): BIM
creates a comprehensive digital representation
of the building process, improving coordination
and communication among various disciplines.
By allowing for early detection of potential
conflicts, BIM helps to mitigate issues before
they manifest on-site.
• Virtual Reality (VR) Walkthroughs: VR
technology allows stakeholders to visualize and
interact with project designs before construction
begins, offering a powerful tool for enhancing
understanding and communication between
clients, designers, and builders.
Reduces Labor Shortages

The construction industry frequently

struggles with labor shortages, a challenge
worsened by an aging workforce and the
retirement of experienced workers. Despite
new workers joining the field, they often
lack the experience and expertise of their
predecessors, which can hinder the
progress of construction projects.
• Trends Driving New Construction
Technology

Several trends are propelling advancements in construction

technology. For example, the increasing need for
sustainability is driving the adoption of green building
techniques and materials.
Moreover, rapid urbanization demands faster and more
efficient construction methods. Technological innovations
such as AI, IoT, and robotics are becoming integral for
enhancing productivity and safety on construction sites.
Additionally, digital tools like BIM are improving project
visualization and collaboration among stakeholders,
ensuring projects stay on schedule and within budget.
These trends are critical in shaping the future of
construction technology.
• reasonably contemplated or agreed at the
time the contract is formed.
• DIRECT DAMAGES
– Losses directly suffered as a result of the
breach
• INDIRECT DAMAGES
– Losses consequential to the breach
– Must have been reasonably
foreseeable when the contract was
contemplated
– Liquidated damage clauses must be
genuine estimates of potential losses
– Penalty payments not enforceable
– Liability limiting clauses enforceable
 Examples of Construction
Technology Impacting the
Industry
• Don’t fall behind and stay ahead by
implementing innovative construction
technology that your competitors refuse
to. Let’s dive deeper and take a look at
some construction technology examples
and how they’re changing the
construction industry for the better:
 1. Virtual and Augmented Reality

Virtual and augmented reality (VR and AR) are

transforming traditional construction methods, allowing
for more accurate spatial planning and project
execution, thereby enhancing efficiency and reducing
costs in the ever-evolving construction industry.

As the industry anticipates a global growth of $8

trillion by 2030, the role of VR and AR is expected to
become increasingly pivotal. These technologies have
already demonstrated potential cost reductions of up to
90% in building costs since their implementation in 2022
and are extensively used for remote site inspections.
• Furthermore, VR and AR are crucial in ensuring safety and
facilitating better collaboration and communication among
AEC personnel.
• Training in the use of equipment and safety protocols is
vital for any construction project. VR and AR offer safer,
controlled environments for training scenarios, such as
operating in confined spaces or at great heights.
• VR simulators, long utilized in fields like the military and
medicine, allow construction workers to practice complex
tasks safely. This immersive training enables them to learn
the correct procedures without the risks associated with
physical job sites.
• Augmented Reality enhances safety further by overlaying
digital information onto the real world, allowing workers to
interact with virtual tools, supplies, and equipment as if
they were real. This integration helps workers familiarize
themselves with their tools and environment safely before
engaging in actual construction activities.
• Additionally, these technologies also
revolutionize client interactions and project
planning. Immersive virtual walkthroughs
allow your construction clients to
experience realistic representations of
future buildings before physical
construction begins

• This capability is not only impressive in

client presentations but also invaluable for
making real-time design adjustments, which
can lead to more efficient project execution
and reduced delays.
2. Artificial Intelligence

The Construction Management Association of America

(CMAA) has highlighted that Artificial Intelligence (AI) could
potentially boost industry profits by 71% by the year 2035.
Additionally, research indicates that leaders in construction
data management are seven times more likely to
implement AI and machine learning technologies.

AI is increasingly shaping the future of the construction

industry by enhancing safety, streamlining workflows, and
accelerating project completion.
As companies explore how best to integrate this complex
technology, some larger firms are developing in-house AI
programs to refine their decision-making processes and
operational efficiency. Others are engaging AI consultants
and third-party solution providers to evaluate their current
practices and pinpoint areas ripe for AI or machine learning
enhancement.

Moreover, AI and machine learning are proving invaluable

on construction sites by automating tasks traditionally
performed by humans, thereby freeing up personnel to
focus on more critical aspects of their projects.

For example, AI systems can optimize site logistics by

tracking how workers move around the site, which helps in
organizing tools and materials more efficiently to minimize
time wastage.
Additionally, AI can enhance monitoring efforts by using
cameras to continuously record the project’s progress,
comparing it against BIM models, 3D drawings, and
schedules to ensure that construction stays on track.

AI’s capability extends to managing resources; predictive

analytics can forecast potential delays or shortages by
analyzing past project data. This foresight allows for better
preparation and resource allocation, ensuring that projects
adhere to timelines and budgets.

Additionally, AI’s real-time data analysis helps prevent the

depletion of critical materials by predicting supply needs
and scheduling timely replenishments.
• 3. 3D Printing

3D printing is set to revolutionize the construction industry

by transforming how materials are sourced and utilized.

As construction technology, it facilitates the prefabrication

of materials; components can be printed and then
transported to the construction site, ready for immediate
use. This process not only speeds up material acquisition
but also simplifies logistics by eliminating several
intermediate steps.

The technology enables on-site printing of materials, which

significantly reduces waste and cuts down on transportation
and storage costs.
Although 3D printing currently faces challenges in mass
production due to the high cost of large-scale printers, it
offers substantial benefits, including faster construction
timelines, cost savings, and the ability to create complex,
customized architectural designs

Materials such as concrete and composite materials can be

used in these printers, enhancing design flexibility and the
structural integrity of buildings.

Moreover, 3D printing has already been identified as a

major innovation in modern construction. Its potential
continues to expand as the technology evolves from a
novel concept to an emerging industry standard.
• This advancement is particularly crucial in addressing
issues like skilled labor shortages and enabling the
construction of intricate designs and detailed
architectural elements, such as facades, fixtures, and
even furniture.

• This is especially beneficial in remote locations or

situations where supply chains are disrupted, as
materials can be produced on-demand, reducing wait
times from months to just hours or days.

• Looking forward, the maturation of 3D printing

technologies is expected to continue, driving
improvements in quality control and opening up new
possibilities for advanced designs.
• This technology not only supports rapid prototyping of
building components, making production more efficient
and precise but also promotes sustainability by
minimizing construction waste and optimizing material
use.
• These capabilities unlock new design possibilities that
were previously difficult or impossible to achieve with
traditional construction methods.

• 4. Building Information Modeling (BIM) Software

• Building Information Modeling (BIM) software
significantly enhances construction project planning and
execution. It facilitates the creation of 3D models that
integrate all project data in one place, fostering better
collaboration among stakeholders by replacing disparate
2D drawings. This integration boosts efficiency and
communication throughout the project lifecycle.
• Agreement

• Identification of the parties

• Description of the project and the work
• Date of start
• Date of substantial completion
• Liquidated damages
• The contract sum
• Progress payments
• Interest rate
• Retainage (Retention money)
Globally, BIM adoption is being accelerated by mandatory
regulations in countries like the United Kingdom and is
increasingly embraced in places like India, Hong Kong, France,
South Korea, Germany, and Italy.
Moreover, BIM’s utility spans beyond design into the field, where
it ensures data accuracy and reduces the need for rework. It
enhances the visibility of project details among teams, which
facilitates more precise planning and execution. Experts predict
that BIM will increasingly focus on data-driven management,
leveraging AI for smarter decision-making and operational
efficiencies.
Beyond project execution, BIM supports post-construction
phases by aiding in maintenance scheduling, which helps keep
structures up to code and optimizes upkeep costs. It also serves
as a base for virtual reality applications in construction, enabling
virtual simulations that improve planning and stakeholder
engagement.
The evolution of BIM from a design tool to an all-
encompassing project management solution is transforming
the construction industry.
With ongoing advancements and broader regulatory
adoption, its impact on improving project efficiency, safety,
and cost management continues to grow, highlighting its
critical role in modern construction practices.
5. Automated Data Collection and Predictive Analytics

Data collection apps are transforming how construction

companies gather information from job sites—quickly,
accurately, and efficiently.

– Time Savings and Accuracy: Users often save over

20 hours per week in field and administrative tasks,
and see a 50% reduction in data entry errors.
– Enhanced Workflows: Automation of data collection
workflows can trigger subsequent necessary actions,
streamlining the completion of tasks with all required
approvals and data.
• Safety Compliance: These apps support crucial
safety measures, from equipment inspections to
incident reports
• Instant Reporting: Apps facilitate rapid production
of reports, from daily job summaries to client
deliverables, customizable to specific business
needs.

Furthermore, predictive analytics and machine learning

are becoming staples in the construction tech stack,
allowing firms to use past and present data to forecast
outcomes, enhance decision-making, and optimize
workflows. These technologies not only mitigate risks
and enhance efficiency but also allow construction
professionals to concentrate on more strategic, value-
adding activities.
6. Drones

Drones have become a cornerstone technology

in the construction industry, offering significant
advantages for surveying and inspecting sites.
They enable rapid and precise site surveys,
outperforming traditional ground crews in both
speed and accuracy, and are more cost-effective
than manned aerial imaging.
Equipped with high-resolution cameras, drones
generate interactive 3D or topographical maps
and models, as well as perform volume
measurements.
One of the key benefits of drones is their ability to access
and inspect hard-to-reach areas such as bridges and the
exteriors of tall buildings safely. They also play a crucial role
in monitoring ongoing progress at construction sites,
providing a bird’s eye view that helps track how projects and
personnel are progressing.
Additionally, drones not only enhance the safety of
inspections by keeping workers off dangerous heights but
also bring efficiency to data collection across expansive or
difficult terrain.
With capabilities like light detection and ranging (LiDAR),
they can gather detailed scan data, offering a comprehensive
overview of a site’s condition and topography.
By integrating drones into their operations, construction
professionals can achieve a more informed, efficient, and
safe workflow, transforming the way construction sites are
managed and monitored.
7. Robotics

Robotics in construction is revolutionizing the way tasks like

bricklaying, demolition, and excavation are conducted. These
robotic tools not only reduce the necessity for manual labor,
thus decreasing potential injuries and worker fatigue but also
boost efficiency and enhance safety on-site.
By automating routine and physically demanding tasks, robots
allow construction workers to concentrate on more intricate
aspects of projects
The integration of robotics in the construction industry faces
challenges such as high initial costs and a skills gap within the
workforce. Many robotic applications are still in the pilot phase
as the industry explores their most effective uses and the
significant impacts they can have on projects.
To address these challenges, construction firms are encouraged to begin
with more established technologies, like drones and offsite prefabrication,
and to invest in training and partnerships with technology providers.
Such collaborations are essential for tailoring AI and robotics solutions to
meet specific construction needs and for learning from industry pioneers
who have successfully integrated these technologies.
The adoption of robotics in construction promises substantial benefits in
productivity, efficiency, and safety, leading to optimized workflow,
improved resource management, and accelerated project delivery.
Moreover, robotics reduce physical strain on workers and minimize their
exposure to hazardous conditions, thus contributing to a safer working
environment.
While robots perform repetitive tasks effectively, they still require human
oversight to ensure accuracy and address any issues promptly, blending
automated efficiency with professional expertise. This synergy between
humans and machines enhances overall project execution and safety.
8. Project Management Software
Incorporating project management software into construction
operations not only streamlines various project management
tasks but also provides a strategic advantage in managing
complex construction projects more effectively.
This type of software provides a robust framework for project
planning, execution, and monitoring, ensuring that construction
projects are delivered on time, within budget, and according to
specifications.
To begin, project management software allows for detailed
planning and scheduling of all project activities. Managers can
allocate resources more effectively, plan tasks in a logical
sequence, and set realistic timelines. This helps in minimizing
delays and ensuring the project stays on track.
Moreover, these tools facilitate better communication between
all parties involved in a construction project, from contractors
and suppliers to clients and stakeholders.
• Centralized communication features within the software
ensure that everyone has access to the latest updates,
changes, and documentation, reducing misunderstandings
and conflicts.

• Additionally, project management software helps in tracking

project costs and budgets in real time. It allows project
managers to input costs, track expenses, and compare them
against the allocated budget, thus providing a clear picture of
the financial health of the project at any point in time.

• Lastly, project management tools help in maintaining the

quality of the construction project by monitoring compliance
with industry standards and regulations. Regular reporting and
auditing features within the software ensure that all aspects of
the project meet the required quality benchmarks.
9. Wearables

Wearables in the construction industry go beyond traditional

personal protective equipment (PPE) like hard hats, gloves, and
work boots, enhancing safety and productivity significantly.
Modern wearables, equipped with advanced technology, include
items like XOEye Smart Glasses, Spot-r Wearable Sensors, and
Redpoint Positioning Safety Vest Sensors, which are designed
to monitor various aspects of a worker’s environment and health.

These devices can increase productivity by 8.5% and workplace

satisfaction by 3.5% by integrating biometrics, environmental
sensors, GPS tracking, and voltage detection. OSHA also
recognizes that these devices could not only help reduce
insurance premiums but also enhance employee health and
safety.
This technology not only tracks a worker’s location but also
improves safety management through features like geofencing,
which alerts workers with audio and visual signals when they
approach restricted or hazardous areas.
Smart clothing, or e-textiles, further extends the capabilities of
wearables in construction. These garments are designed to
monitor vital signs such as heart rate, respiration rate, and skin
temperature, and also detect abnormal patterns in movement and
posture.
This real-time data helps ensure that workers are physically fit for
their tasks, promoting safety by preventing accidents related to
health issues or fatigue.
Overall, the integration of wearables into the construction sector
marks a significant shift towards a safer and more efficient working
environment, leveraging technology to protect and enhance the
well-being of workers.
• 10. Digital Twins
A digital twin is a virtual representation of an object or
system designed to accurately reflect a physical object.
• Digital twins are transforming the AEC industry by offering
a revolutionary approach to operational management
through simulation and real-time data analytics.
• As a cutting-edge technology, digital twins create
intelligent, multidimensional models of buildings, enabling
the simulation, prediction, and enhancement of building
operations based on actual conditions and user
behaviors.
• A digital twin acts as a dynamic digital replica of a physical
structure, encapsulating everything from its assets and
systems to the workflows and people involved. This
technology allows construction professionals to build out a
comprehensive digital counterpart from the outset,
providing critical insights for optimizing future operations.
• By analyzing the digital twin, teams can
identify opportunities to enhance efficiency,
develop robust safety measures, mitigate
risks, and elevate overall quality.

• Moreover, digital twins integrate seamlessly

with Building Information Modeling (BIM)
systems, serving as a continuous digital
thread that connects directly to the physical
structure. This integration is crucial because
approximately 80% of a building’s lifetime
value is realized during its operational
phase.
• Digital twins also prove invaluable in
tracking and achieving construction Key
Performance Indicators (KPIs) and
sustainability goals, as well as in assessing
equipment performance and planning for
future needs based on real-world data.
• The relevance of digital twins has become
particularly pronounced in the context of
remote work, social distancing, and travel
restrictions. They provide essential
information about properties remotely,
making it unnecessary to visit sites
physically.

• This capability ensures that critical

decision-making can continue unimpeded,
regardless of physical location constraints.
11. Sustainable Technology
Sustainable technologies are transforming the construction industry by
making buildings more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.
Integrating smart technologies and sustainable materials are at the
forefront of this revolution.
Here are some examples of what sustainable technology in construction
looks like:
Energy-Efficient HVAC Systems: These systems are crucial to improving air
quality and reducing energy consumption. By efficiently regulating
temperature and airflow, they ensure a healthier indoor environment while
lowering energy costs.
Integrated Smart Controls: Smart controls streamline the management of
various building functions, including lighting, security, and more. This
centralization not only enhances the functionality of buildings but also
contributes to significant energy savings.
Use of Sustainable Materials: Materials like recycled steel and bamboo are
becoming increasingly popular in construction due to their low
environmental impact and high durability. These materials help preserve
natural resources and reduce the carbon footprint of building projects.
Together, these advancements not only lead to smarter buildings that
prioritize occupant comfort and safety but also promote sustainability in
construction practices, paving the way for a more eco-friendly future in
building design and construction.
12. Blockchain Technology

Blockchain technology is rapidly becoming a

transformative force in the AEC industry.

Initially introduced to the sector less than a decade

ago, blockchain serves as a digital ledger, composed of
linked data “blocks” that record every transaction and
completed milestone in a project. This setup not only
enhances cost management and procurement strategies
but also introduces a high level of accuracy and
security.

As we look ahead, the decentralized nature of

blockchain makes it a robust, adaptable tool for
projects of any size. Its ability to automatically update
and balance makes it comparable to a chain where each
link represents a distinct transaction, ensuring data
integrity and reducing discrepancies.
Blockchain’s potential goes beyond just transaction management; it
includes smart contracts, which are self-executing agreements
embedded with the terms of the contract directly into the code.
These contracts automate processes, eliminating the need for
middlemen and speeding up operations. This aspect is particularly
beneficial in construction, where numerous transactions and
agreements occur, often requiring significant time and verification.
Moreover, the security features of blockchain are exceptional, thanks
to its decentralized structure and the use of cryptographic algorithms
that protect data from tampering and fraud.
The consensus mechanism employed in blockchain also ensures that
all participants agree on the validity of transactions, further enhancing
the trust and reliability of data.
Blockchain’s transparency, security, and efficiency are setting the
stage for profound changes across various industries, including
finance, healthcare, and supply chains.
As this technology continues to evolve, its capacity to revolutionize
data maintenance and transaction processes appears boundless,
promising significant advancements in how industries operate.
• 13. Prefabrication and Modular Construction
• Prefabrication is transforming the construction industry
by enabling buildings to be assembled quickly and more
efficiently. This method involves creating essential
building components off-site, which are then transported
and assembled at the construction site.

• Over the years, demand for rapid construction has

encouraged the adoption of prefabrication alongside
other methods like modular construction.

• Moreover, prefabrication has evolved significantly with

the rise of 3D printing technologies.
Modular construction is another form of off-site construction. It involves
constructing entire sections of a building—like rooms complete with fixtures—in a
factory setting. This method is particularly useful for large-scale projects such as
apartment complexes and hotels, where identical units can be produced en
masse and then assembled on-site.

It’s important to distinguish between prefabrication, modular construction, and off-

site construction, although these terms are often used interchangeably.

Modular construction specifically refers to the creation of pre-engineered modules

that can form various configurations of a building. Prefabrication generally
involves producing various building elements separately at a factory.

Off-site construction encompasses both techniques, highlighting the shift of

construction activities from the site to a controlled factory environment. This not
only enhances safety and efficiency but also significantly cuts down construction
time.
Overall, these methods signify a shift towards more controlled, efficient, and safer
construction practices, meeting the modern demands for speed and precision in
building projects.
4. Sensor Data
Sensor data is becoming increasingly critical in managing
various aspects of construction projects, including
manpower, job sites, and equipment. Effective monitoring
enhances project planning, streamlines operations, and
ensures adherence to safety and regulatory standards.

Thanks to advancements in construction sensors and IoT

technology, overseeing the numerous components of
construction projects has become more straightforward.

The market offers a range of solutions that allow for

comprehensive monitoring of site conditions, tracking of
materials throughout the supply chain, enhancement of
worker safety, and improved facility management.
Progressive companies are leveraging sensor data not
only for monitoring but also for predictive purposes. For
example, some firms use this data to anticipate
potential product failures.

This predictive capability allows for proactive

maintenance scheduling, which can reduce the
frequency of on-site visits and thus minimize traffic,
contributing to a smaller environmental footprint. This
strategic approach not only boosts efficiency but also
supports sustainability initiatives within the construction
industry.
15. 4D Simulation
4D simulation is increasingly recognized as a critical
tool for optimizing construction processes and merging
time management with 3D Building Information
Modeling (BIM) to enhance project efficiency and
reduce costs.

This approach, which builds on the widespread adoption

of 3D BIM, integrates time-related information to
facilitate detailed planning and scheduling. Such
information can include installation periods, lead times,
drying periods, and potential scheduling adjustments.
The primary goal of 4D BIM is to improve project management by aligning
detailed time planning with overall project optimization and client
satisfaction.

This methodology not only keeps projects on track across all phases—from
planning and design through to construction—but also significantly
enhances the precision of data collection for future use.

By implementing 4D BIM, construction firms can streamline operations,

improve output, and optimize resource allocation. Today, leading
construction firms consider 4D BIM a fundamental component of their
service offerings.

Adopting this technology positions your construction company at the

forefront of the industry, providing you with a competitive edge by
showcasing your capability to handle complex scheduling and project
management challenges efficiently.
16. DAM software
Digital Asset Management (DAM) for construction, like
OpenAsset, plays a crucial role in the AEC industry by
optimizing the management and use of digital assets.
This technology solution is specifically designed to
streamline workflows, enhance proposal creation, and
efficiently store, find, use, and share digital assets
within your AEC firm.

DAM software acts as a central repository for all digital

content, making it easier for teams to find and use the
right assets at the right time. It supports powerful
tagging and categorization features, which means
assets can be quickly located through search
functionality, saving time and reducing duplication of
effort.
Moreover, digital asset management designed for AEC firms
will integrate seamlessly into the existing technology stacks
of AEC firms, automating the organization and management
of digital assets such as photos, graphics, and project
documents.

This automation significantly reduces the time spent

searching for files, enabling team members to focus more on
project delivery and less on administrative tasks.

Additionally, crafting winning proposals is key to winning

more business. DAM software supports this by providing
easy access to high-quality images and documents with
consistent branding that showcases a firm’s previous
projects and capabilities.
This not only improves the aesthetic appeal of
proposals but also helps communicate the firm’s
expertise and success in a visually engaging way in no
time.
With a DAM solution like OpenAsset, your AEC firm can
achieve more organized and accessible digital libraries,
enhanced collaboration among team members, and
improved efficiency in your marketing plans and project
management efforts. This ultimately contributes to
better project outcomes and a stronger competitive
edge in the marketplace.
 How to Select the Right Construction Tech
Selecting the right technology for your construction
company involves a systematic approach to ensure the
tech aligns with your specific needs and enhances
operational efficiency.

By methodically addressing the following areas, you

can make informed decisions that align with both your
immediate needs and long-term business goals,
ensuring that investments in technology drive value and
competitiveness in the construction industry.

Here are key steps and considerations to guide your

decision-making process:
1. Identify Specific Needs
Begin by pinpointing a specific problem or inefficiency
within your operations that technology could solve. This
targeted approach helps prevent the unnecessary
adoption of technology that doesn’t serve a direct
purpose for your business.

If your company specializes in interior renovations, for

instance, investing in drones might not provide the best
return on investment compared to other technologies
more aligned with your workflows.
 2. Conduct Thorough Research
Invest time in researching potential technological
solutions. This includes reading product reviews,
checking user testimonials, and understanding the
features and limitations of each option.

Consider factors such as ease of use, cost,

integration capabilities with your current systems,
customer support, scalability, mobility of the solution for
fieldwork, and data security. This step is crucial in
narrowing down the choices to those that best fit your
company’s needs and budget.
 3. Trial and Evaluation
Before making a final decision, it’s advisable to test
the technology. Many vendors offer trial periods, which
allow you to see how the tech integrates with your
existing operations and whether it effectively addresses
the problem it was intended to solve. This period is vital
for assessing the practicality of the technology and its
adoption by your team.
– 4. Ensure Team Buy-In
– The successful implementation of new technology
also depends on the buy-in from both management
and the staff who will use it. Engage with your team
early in the decision-making process to gather their
insights and preferences. This not only helps in
choosing the right tool but also facilitates smoother
integration and acceptance once the technology is
deployed.
– 5. Evaluate Success and Scalability
– After implementing the technology, continuously
assess its impact on solving the identified problem
and improving your business processes. Successful
initial integration can pave the way for further
technological adoption, which can cumulatively
enhance productivity and efficiency across your
operations.

– Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC)

CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS
OR
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
 Building construction refers to the physical activities
on a construction site that contribute to erecting a
building or structure. These include unloading plants,
machinery, materials, cladding, installing fixtures and
formwork, and applying external finishes. The building
construction process is an intricate series of routine
tasks carried out by skilled personnel, involving
significant time and meticulous effort and requiring
careful management.

This process is typically divided into three phases:

• Pre-construction – involves planning, design,
and preparation activities.
• Construction – the actual building phase
where the structure is erected.
• Post-construction – includes final
inspections, finishing touches, and handover
to the client.

These phases ensure that each aspect of the

construction processes is executed properly,
maintaining high quality and safety standards
throughout the project lifecycle.
 Step 1:
Pre-construction
process
 The pre-construction
process will involve the
following steps:
Acquiring Land
The process begins with acquiring the right
parcel of land. This step involves thorough
feasibility studies to ensure the land is suitable
for the intended construction, considering
factors like location, accessibility, and legal
issues such as zoning laws and property titles.

Acquiring land is a crucial step in any housing

project, as it lays the foundation for successful
planning and execution.
Initial Meeting

The initial meeting sets the foundation for the

entire project. The client meets with the
contractor and the design team to outline the
project’s scope, objectives, and expectations.
It’s an opportunity to establish communication
protocols and ensure all parties are aligned
with the project’s vision.
Estimating and Budgets

After defining the project’s scope, the next step

is estimating costs and setting budgets. The
construction estimator calculates the quantities
and costs of materials, labour, and other
resources needed for the project. This phase is
crucial for financial planning and securing
funding, if necessary, to plan and execute the
housing project efficiently.
Schedule

Developing a detailed schedule is vital for the

timely and cost-effective execution of the
project. This schedule outlines all key phases
and activities, from site preparation to the final
touches. It ensures that each task is allocated
sufficient time and resources.
 Step 2:
Building construction
phase
With the project blueprint and
personnel ready, the site clearing
begins, marking the onset of tangible
construction activities. This phase is
crucial as it brings the theoretical
plans into physical reality and is
characterised by intense coordination
and adherence to timelines.
Site preparation entails preparing the
ground for construction. This first step
is crucial as it sets the stage for all
subsequent construction activities.
The process involves thoroughly
clearing the site removing any debris,
old structures, or natural obstacles
that might impede construction.
Key activities include:
• Clearing and Demolition: Removing unwanted
materials and existing structures to ensure a
clean slate for new construction. This may
involve demolishing old buildings or clearing
vegetation.
• Waste Management: Implementing a Site
Waste Management Plan (SWMP) is essential
for efficient and environmentally responsible
management of construction waste. This plan
focuses on minimising waste, promoting
recycling and reuse of materials, and safely
disposing of hazardous substances.
• Regulatory Compliance: Site preparation
activities might require special approvals or
permits, especially involving environmental
implications or public safety concerns.

• Enabling Works: In addition to basic clearing,

this can include more complex preparations
like soil stabilisation, establishing access
roads, or diverting existing services to
accommodate construction activities.
Construction

The construction process encompasses various

detailed stages, from excavation to the final
painting and finishing touches.

Here’s a breakdown of these phases:

This initial phase involves digging the site to lay
a foundation. The extent of the excavation
depends on the building requirements, but it
typically includes removing soil and other
materials to create space for the foundation.

Foundation
Building structure foundations are crucial as
they support the entire structure. This stage
involves laying concrete and reinforcing it with
steel to ensure the building can bear the load
and withstand environmental forces.
Framing

Framing establishes the skeleton of the

building, including the placement of walls,
floors, and roof structures. Materials commonly
used include wood, steel, or engineered
products like Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs).
This stage involves building walls using bricks,
blocks, or stone. Concrete blocks are often
used in masonry work due to their lighter weight
and hollow center, which makes them easier to
handle and work with. The choice of material
often depends on the building design and local
availability. Masonry provides structural stability
and contributes to the building’s thermal and
acoustic insulation.
Before walls and floors are sealed, electrical
and plumbing installations are laid out. This
stage is critical for ensuring that all utility
systems like water, electricity, and sewage are
integrated into the building without being visible
post-completion.
Roofing

Installing the roof follows the structural

framework. This stage not only provides
protection from external elements but also adds
to the aesthetic appeal of the building.
This includes the installation of windows, doors,
and external plastering. The construction and
placement of lintels above door and window
openings provide essential support for the
masonry and structure above. The aim is to seal
the building from external weather conditions
and begin defining its visual appearance.
Heating and Cooling Work
HVAC systems are installed to manage the
climate within the building. This system needs
to be efficient to maintain comfort throughout
the different seasons.
Interior finishing involves the installation of
drywall, insulation, interior paint, and flooring
materials. This stage focuses on aesthetics and
comfort, providing a finished look to the interior
spaces.
Woodwork and Fixture Fittings
This includes installing cabinets, countertops,
and other built-in elements. This phase
customises the space according to its intended
use, whether residential or commercial.
Waterproofing is critical to protect the building
from moisture penetration, which can lead to
structural damage and unhealthy living
conditions.
Painting
The final aesthetic touch, painting, involves
applying interior and exterior paints. This
enables visual appeal and provides a protective
layer to the surfaces.
 Step 3:
Post-construction
phase
The post-construction phase marks the culmination of the
construction process, transitioning the project from the
contractors to the client or building owner. This phase is critical
for ensuring that all aspects of the construction meet the
agreed-upon standards and specifications.
The Walk-Through
After construction, the project team conducts a comprehensive
walk-through involving the contractor, architect, and structural
engineer to verify that all project requirements have been
satisfactorily met. This inspection is essential to identify any
outstanding tasks or issues that need resolution. The contractor
and architect work together to ensure the building operates as
intended and meets all functional requirements.

Upon successful completion of the walk-through, and if all

conditions are met satisfactorily, the architect will issue a
certificate of completion. Additionally, the building must be
inspected and approved by relevant local authorities to ensure
compliance with building codes and regulations, culminating in
issuing a certificate of occupancy.
Handover
Following the successful walk-through and receipt of
necessary certifications, the contractor formally hands
the building to the owner. This stage involves a
detailed briefing about the building’s operational
aspects. The contractor provides necessary training
and support to the owner, ensuring they are fully
equipped to manage and maintain the property
effectively.

Additionally, all critical documents, such as blueprints,

user manuals, and operation guides, are transferred to
the owner. This documentation is crucial for the
owner’s reference and future maintenance needs.
Summary
The building construction process is a comprehensive
undertaking that requires careful planning, skilled
labour, and meticulous attention to detail. By
understanding each step of the process, stakeholders
can ensure that the finished building meets all
expectations, both functionally and aesthetically. This
guide is a foundational tool to help novices and
seasoned professionals achieve a successful
construction project from start to finish. Structural
detailing is crucial in the planning phase, as it involves
developing detailed structural plans and sharing these
details with estimators and contractors to accurately
estimate the quantity and quality of materials needed
for the project.
 PLANNING
AND
SCHEDULING
(PERT/CPM)
A project is defined as a sequence of tasks that
must be completed to attain a certain outcome.
According to the Project Management Institute
(PMI), the term Project refers to ” to any
temporary endeavor with a definite beginning
and end”.
A project is a set of tasks that must be completed
within a defined timeline to accomplish a specific set of
goals. These tasks are completed by a group of people
known as the project team, which is led by a project
manager, who oversees the planning, scheduling,
tracking and successful completion of projects.
DEFINITION OF
PROJECT
PLANNING
Project planning refers to the phase in project
management in which you determine the actual
steps to complete a project. This includes laying
out timelines, establishing the budget, setting
milestones, assessing risks, and solidifying
tasks and assigning them to team members.
How to create a PROJECT
PLAN
What is a project plan?
• A project plan, also known as a work plan, is
a detailed document that clearly elucidates a
project's scope, goals, tasks, deliverables,
milestones, communication channels, budget
and deadlines. The aims of a project plan,
and indeed of project planning, are to provide
a clear roadmap or blueprint for project
execution, to provide early warning of project
requirements, and to ensure the project stays
on track toward completion.
Project plans differ by project, but in general,
the planning activity is divided into these steps:

• Setting measurable objectives.

• Identifying deliverables, or the tangible or
intangible results of a project.
• Scheduling.
• Planning tasks.
A project plan can be supported by other plans
that address specific areas of a project.
Supporting plans can encompass human
resources, communication methods and risk
management.
Enterprises often have an IT project planning
guide that identifies the processes to be used.
Tools used for the scheduling parts of a plan
include Gantt charts and PERT charts. Many
project management software tools, including
Microsoft Project, Asana, Jira, Trello and Zoho
Projects, also include project planning
capabilities.
Why is project planning important?
• Project planning is important because it helps
guide and streamline every other phase of a
project. It lays out the basics of a project,
which include the following:
• Project scope.
• Objectives.
• Goals.
• Schedule, milestones and deadlines.
• Budget.
• Resources.
• Key deliverables.
Planning enables project managers to turn an idea
into reality in an organized manner. It identifies
who will be involved in the project, clarifies roles
and responsibilities, and helps to maintain
accountability throughout the project lifecycle. It
also helps to prevent scope creep and budget
overruns, as well as frustration and confusion
among team members. In addition, a detailed plan
shows project stakeholders and sponsors that the
necessary resources -- personnel, funds, etc. --
are available for the project, which can be
important to ensure continued support, funding or
sponsorship for the project.
Some of the other key benefits of project
planning include the following:

• Facilitate communication and provide a

central source of information for project
personnel.
• Help the project sponsor and other key
stakeholders know what is required to
execute the project within its time, cost and
scope constraints.
• Identify who will perform certain tasks, and
also when and how those tasks will happen.
• Facilitate project management as the project
progresses.
• Enable project managers to identify and plan
for future challenges.
• Enable effective monitoring and control of a
project.
• Manage, mitigate and eliminate project risk
wherever possible.
• Generate feedback useful for the next project
planning phase.
What are the components of a project plan?
Every project plan includes at least three major
components:

• Scope. The scope determines what a project

team will do during the execution of the
project. It considers the team's or
organization's vision, what stakeholders want
and the customer's requirements to determine
what's possible. When defining the project
scope, the project manager also sets
achievable and measurable performance
goals.
• Budget. Project managers look at what staff
and other resources will be required to meet
the project goals to estimate the project's cost
and ensure funding is available.
• Timeline. The timeline reveals the project
duration -- i.e., the expected length of time it
will take to complete each phase of the project
-- and includes a schedule of milestones that
will be met.
Other important components of a project plan
include the following:
• Milestones. Milestones indicate progress and
help keep the project on track. A project can
include multiple milestones to clearly show
that a particular deliverable or phase has been
successfully completed.
• Tasks. The plan should include the tasks that
must be accomplished to achieve the project's
scope within its timeline. Each task is
assigned to one or more project team
members depending on their skills or role.
• Resource allocation. The plan lists resources
that include the people working on the project,
their roles and responsibilities, and the tasks
they will be handling.

In addition to these components, some project

plans link to other documents, such as the
project charter, statement of work, RACI chart,
risk management plan, quality management
plan and work breakdown structure.
• A RACI chart is a project management tool
that identifies roles and responsibilities for
tasks within a project. It's used to plan roles
and responsibilities in advance, so everyone
knows who is responsible for what.
responsible, accountable, consulted, and
informed
Phases of Project Planning
• Initiation defines project goals and objectives.
It also is when feasibility is considered, along
with how to measure project objectives.

• Planning sets out the project scope. It

establishes what tasks need to get done and
who will do them.

• Execution is when the deliverables are

created. This is the longest phase of a project.
During execution, the plan is set into motion
and augmented, if necessary.
• Monitoring and management occur during the
execution phase and can be considered part
of the same step. This phase ensures the
project is going according to plan.

• Closing and review is when the final contracts

are closed out and the final deliverables are
given to the client. Successes and failures are
evaluated.
How to create a project plan?

An effective project planning process includes

the following 10 steps:

• Define stakeholders. Stakeholders include

anyone with an interest in the project. This can
include customers or end users, members of
the project team, other people in the
organization the project will affect, or
individuals with an interest in the project or a
stake in its outcomes.
• Define roles. Each stakeholder's role should
be clearly defined. Some people might fill
multiple roles.
• Introduce stakeholders. An organizational
meeting should bring the stakeholders
together and unify the project vision. The
meeting should including discussions about
project scope, goals, budget, schedule and
roles.
• Set goals. Based on issues raised during the
above meeting, a project plan can be updated
and refined. It should include goals and
deliverables that define what the product or
service will result in.
• Prioritize tasks. All the tasks necessary to
meet the project's goals should be listed and
prioritized based on importance and
interdependencies. A Gantt chart can be
helpful for mapping project dependencies.
• Create a schedule. A timeline should be
established that considers the resources
needed for all the tasks.
• Assess risks. Project risks should be identified
so that strategies can be developed for
mitigating them.
• Communicate. The plan should be shared with
all stakeholders. Updates should be provided
in the format and frequency stakeholders
expect.
• Reassess. As milestones are met, the project
plan should be revisited and revised to
address any areas that are not meeting
expectations.
• Final evaluation. Once the project is
completed, its performance should be
evaluated to learn from the experience and
identify improvement areas.
 Project Plan Example
• This project management plan provides
a comprehensive framework for
managing the construction of a vehicle
bridge across the XYZ River. The plan
ensures that the project will be
completed on time, within budget, and
to the highest quality standards.
Project Title: Construction of
Vehicle Bridge Across XYZ
River
• 1. Executive Summary
Building a vehicle bridge across the XYZ River
is a strategic infrastructure project to improve
connectivity between the northern and southern
regions of the city.

2. Project Objectives
Complete the construction of a 500-meter
vehicle bridge within 18 months. Ensure the
bridge meets all safety and regulatory
standards. Deliver the project within the $10
million budget.
3. Project Scope
The scope includes site preparation, foundation
laying, bridge construction, paving, and the
installation of safety features such as guardrails
and lighting. Testing and inspection are also
included.
Deliverables include a completed bridge
structure, project documentation and handing
the bridge over to local authorities.
4. Project Charter
The project charter formally authorizes the
bridge construction project, outlining the
project’s objectives, scope, and key
stakeholders. Key stakeholders include the
project’s sponsor, manager and team as well as
local authorities.
5. Project Timeline and Schedule
• Project Initiation: Weeks 1-2
• Project Planning: Weeks 3-6
• Site Preparation: Weeks 7-12
• Foundation Construction: Weeks 13-24
• Bridge Superstructure Construction: Weeks
25-60
• Paving and Finishing: Weeks 61-68
• Testing and Inspection: Weeks 69-72
• Handover: Week 73
The project schedule will be closely monitored
using Gantt charts and project planning tools.
6. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
The work breakdown structure (WBS) provides
a detailed hierarchical decomposition of the
project deliverables and work packages.
• Project Initiation: Project charter development
and stakeholder identification
• Project Planning: Scope definition and
resource planning
• Site Preparation: Land acquisition and site
clearing
• Foundation Construction: Excavation and
foundation testing
• Superstructure Construction: Steel frame
erection and concrete decking
• Paving and Finishing: Road surface paving
and guardrail installation
• Testing and Inspection: Safety inspections and
environmental compliance check
• Handover: Documentation, reporting and final
approval
7. Project Budget
The total budget for the bridge construction is
$10 million.
Budget tracking will be conducted using project
management tools. Regular cost reviews ensure
the project remains within financial constraints,
with variances addressed through the change
management plan.
8. Risk Management Plan
This identifies potential risks, assesses their
impact and outlines mitigation strategies.
Possible risks include adverse weather
conditions, supply chain disruptions and safety
incidents.
9. Resource Management
Resource management involves planning,
allocating, and managing the human, material,
and equipment resources required for the
project. A resource calendar will track availability
and utilization to ensure resources are used
efficiently. The project team includes the project
manager, civil engineers, construction workers,
quality inspectors and a procurement specialist.
10. Communication Management
The communication management plan outlines
how information will be shared among
stakeholders. Communication methods include
on-site briefings, monthly status reports and
weekly progress meetings while communication
tools include email and Slack.
11. Change Management Plan
The change management plan outlines the
process for handling changes to the project
scope, schedule, or budget. Stakeholders will
submit change requests to the project manager
while the project sponsor will accept or reject
them. Approved changes are integrated into the
project plan and a change log tracks change
requests and outcomes.
12. Project Execution
Project execution involves carrying out the
project plan by performing the work defined in
the scope statement. This phase will be closely
monitored to ensure alignment with project
goals. The strategy can include daily on-site
supervision and regular progress assessments.
3. Project Closure
The project closure phase involves finalizing all
project activities and formally closing out the
project. Activities may include final inspections,
completing project documents and passing the
bridge onto authorities.

The completed bridge, project documentation

and a formal handover report will be delivered to
the stakeholders.
PROJECT SCHEDULING
Project Scheduling

Project scheduling is a project management

process that consists of creating and managing
a schedule to organize the tasks, deliverables
and milestones of a project on a timeline.
What Is Scheduling in Project Management?

Scheduling in project management is the listing

of activities, deliverables, and milestones within
a project. A schedule usually includes a planned
start and finish date, duration, and resources
assigned to each activity. Effective project
scheduling is a critical component of successful
time management, especially for professional
service businesses.
As you might imagine, a project schedule
contains more than your average weekly
planner notes. Project scheduling involves
creating a document, these days usually a
digital document, that details the project timeline
and the organizational resources required to
complete each task.

The project schedule must be accessible to

every team member. Its purpose is to
communicate critical information to the team, so
it must be comprehensive and easy to
understand.
How is project scheduling
different from planning?
Quite often, these two terms are used interchangeably
but they have different roles in the successful
completion of a project. On a higher level, the project
plan is the master blueprint while the project schedule
details the specific tasks.

• Project planning primarily involves selecting

the appropriate policies, project
methodologies, and procedures required to
deliver the project on time.
• Project scheduling, on the other hand,
converts the plans, scope, and cost into an
operational timeline.
Why should I create a project
schedule?
Project scheduling is important since it plays an
effective role in project success. The following
are some of the advantages if you properly
create your project schedule.

• Project scheduling, when done well, makes

the entire project run more smoothly.
• Committing to the project scheduling process
at the beginning of your project will give you a
clear picture of the requirements set before
you.
• It also gives you the chance to catch issues
early and alert clients if a timeline isn’t
feasible. Besides being good for you as the
project manager, project scheduling is good
for managing project teams.
• Everyone knows what to expect and when.
Everyone is being held accountable for the
same due dates.
• Other managers can allocate resources
efficiently for your project, and they’ll be able
to anticipate when resources will be available
for other projects.
What are the steps in the project
scheduling process?
1. Plan schedule management

The groundwork for a good project schedule is

to establish the procedures, company policies,
and documentation guidelines that will govern
your project. The plan for schedule management
outlines resources available for the project and
the contingencies that may arise.
It also lists project stakeholders, itemizes
individuals who must approve the schedule, and
lists others who need to receive a copy.

This document also establishes who has the

authority to make schedule changes, the
process team members should follow in order to
request a change, and a project communication
plan to alert the team of changes made during
the course of the project.
2. Define the project activities
This can be as simple as creating a list of tasks
that must be completed in order to deliver your
project. In the case of complex projects, it may
be helpful to organize these tasks in the form of
at, a chart visualizing project tasks and their
sub-tasks and to stay organized at work.

One challenge in this part of the project

scheduling process is knowing how to divide
activities. Consider the 8/80 rule, which states
that a single activity should take between eight
and eighty work hours.
In team task management, tasks requiring fewer
than eight hours could be grouped with others
and tasks over eighty hours are likely too
cumbersome and should be broken down
further. Activities should also be measurable,
easily estimated, and related to both a project
deliverable and a budgeted cost.
3. Determine dependencies
Once you have all the project activities listed,
think through each one carefully to identify
which tasks rely on others to be completed. If
you’re building a house, for example, you can’t
put the roof on until the frame is completed. It’s
important to correctly define all your project
dependencies so you can schedule accurately
and avoid project delays.
You can use the best project management
software to tackle project task dependencies by
engaging with stakeholders, brainstorming
constraints related to dependencies.
4. Sequence activities
After you’ve established dependencies among
your activities, you can sequence them. At this
point, you aren’t assigning any time to your
activities in terms of work hours or due dates.
Instead, you’re focusing on the order in which all
project activities should be done so that the
most efficient flow is created.
5. Estimate resources
Each activity in your project will require
resources in the form of personnel,
subcontractor costs, tools (physical and/or
digital tools like software programs), and
workspace. Make sure to consider other
resources that are specific to your industry or
project. Estimate the resources needed for each
project activity.
Remember that resource allocation will affect
your schedule; if the same team member is
responsible for multiple project tasks, they can’t
be completed at the same time.
6. Estimate durations
This step is pretty obvious but very important.
How long will each project activity take?
Underestimating will, of course, put you behind
schedule and ultimately frustrate your customer.

Overestimating could leave team members or

other resources sitting idle as they wait for
antecedent tasks to be completed. The best way
to estimate duration is to use data from similar
previous jobs.
If you don’t have any data to work from and
there’s no industry standard to which you can
refer, an estimate based on the average of the
best, worst, and most likely scenarios.
7. Develop the project schedule
At this point, you should have all the information
you need to develop your project schedule.
Taking into consideration the duration and
resource requirements of each activity, as well
as their dependencies and proper sequence,
you can assign start dates and due dates for
each activity.
There are multiple models and formulas for
developing the project schedule, including
critical path, critical chain, and resource leveling
among others. Each of those methods is worthy
of an article in itself, so we won’t cover them
here. Take the time to find a method that works
well for you.
For example, Don’t ignore the calendar! Check
vacation requests from team members. Don’t
forget to include factors like national holidays,
corporate functions, stakeholder events, and
other occasions that may affect your schedule.
If the whole company shuts down for a holiday
week, you’ll need to add that time to your due
dates and manage customer expectations
accordingly.
8. Monitor and control
Unlike the rest of the project scheduling steps,
Step 8 is ongoing. As a project manager, you’ll
be monitoring and controlling your project
schedule for the duration of the project. This
step involves running project reports and
assessing the progress of a project against the
schedule, managing performance, and
communicating with the team.
When schedule changes must be made, you
ensure they are carried out and communicated
according to the plan laid out in Step 1.
Throughout the project, you will ensure that
each activity is on schedule and determine
whether corrective action needs to be taken if
delays occur.
Project scheduling techniques
• Task lists
• Gantt charts
• Calendars
• CPM
• PERT
• Task lists
This is the simplest scheduling technique and
works for small projects without a lot of
interdependencies. However, for larger projects,
it may not be the right choice as tracking the
progress can become a major challenge.

The task list contains the list of tasks and

subtasks along with the team members
assigned to do them. An online project
management software can come in handy when
you’re using task lists.
• Calendar

The calendar can be used to depict the project

timelines of all the tasks throughout the course
of the project. It’s a decent approach to view
overlaps between activities. But, this approach
suffers from an inability to assign tasks and
view dependencies.
• Gantt charts
A Gantt chart is the most common tool used by
project managers to visualize the timelines and
dependencies in a project. You can get a quick
estimate of the time required to complete every
task.

The chart shows all the tasks, represented by

bars, when they’re set to start and end, how
long each task will last, task dependencies, and
where there are overlaps.
Critical path method is an approach commonly
used in construction project management that
bases the project schedule on the project’s
critical path, i.e., the number of tasks involved in
the project and the order in which those tasks
must be completed. The critical path is the
group of tasks essential to the project’s
success, put in sequential order. There can be
other tasks involved in a project too, but if they
are not on the critical path, they’re known as
float tasks.
The program evaluation and review technique
(PERT) involves using a visual mapping tool known
as a PERT chart to plan the overall project
schedule. A project’s PERT chart contains a
number of boxes, which each represent a project
activity or task. Within each box, there are seven
sections, each referring to a different piece of
information about the task, such as its duration, its
slack, and how early or late the task can start or
finish. A PERT chart is similar to a Gantt chart but
contains more detail, meaning that PERT is more
suited to initial timeline planning, while Gantt charts
are better used to track time during the course of
the project.
Whichever of the project
management scheduling
techniques your team
chooses, it’s important to
thoroughly research your
chosen method and ensure
it’s right for your team and
your project.
Timing of planning vs. scheduling

The planning phase takes place before the

project begins. Scheduling is one of the first
steps to completing the project after the project
begins. Once the schedule is complete, the
project officially starts as the team focuses on
completing the first step of the action plan.
Team leads might include a time for scheduling
in their original planning phase.
Permanence of plans vs. schedules

The plans determined during the planning stage

typically stay consistent throughout the project's
life, unless unexpected circumstances or errors
require changes to the approach, activities or
budget. Schedules, by contrast, can be more
fluid. Teams may alter and update schedules on
a day-to-day basis according to their latest
priorities, constraints and needs.
Uses of planning vs. uses of scheduling

Project managers then use the project plan to

present or pitch an idea to company executives
and managers. This can be a great way of
gaining support for a project. During planning, a
project team also explores the optimal timing of
and approach to the project in relation to other
business conditions and needs. For example, if
a competing priority requires more resources
and attention in March, it may be best to
schedule the bulk of the project for April and
May.
The scheduling phase allows the team to
organize itself, as leaders determine their
resources and assign specific roles. By
addressing risks, allocating the budget and
determining each party's individual
responsibilities during scheduling, you can
increase the chances of success.
Relationship between planning vs. scheduling

During scheduling, companies often rely on the

information from the planning stage to create
the schedule and delegate resources efficiently.
For example, if a company knows that its action
plan requires more marketing specialists than it
currently has, it might schedule the help of
marketing consultants at different points in the
project.
If managers discover during the scheduling
process they require more time to complete a
project, it might be necessary to revisit the
planning stage entirely to determine if they need
to extend the deadline or revise the project.
Benefits of planning
and scheduling
Better time management

Defining what you plan to achieve, what

resources you can use to achieve it and when
to complete each component helps you save
time and work efficiently. With a streamlined
plan and schedule, team members can
autonomously begin their tasks according to the
process you've already determined.
Improved productivity

Planning and scheduling both require you to

thoughtfully consider where each team member
can be most effective. During planning, the
team defines every contributor's individual skills
and strengths, allowing them to dedicate their
time and efforts where they may be most
productive. Scheduling helps you apply your
efforts and resources productively, too, as
people can help one another once they
accomplish their primary tasks.
It's also key to assess each team member's
responsibilities outside of the project when
determining both the plan and schedule.
Establish realistic deadlines and benchmarks
that account for other priorities and ongoing
duties to ensure team members have ample
time to complete their project-related tasks
without sacrificing other important
responsibilities.
Increased accountability

Proper planning and scheduling empower team

members to be responsible for specific parts of
the project. By defining who owns each task,
component or process, project managers and
supervisors know who to check in with to
evaluate progress. Different parts may rely on
one another, too, so team members are
accountable to one another to facilitate other
portions.
Increased focus

Planning and scheduling isolate each portion of

a project so each team member can focus
exclusively on the current stage. For example,
an app update might begin with determining
specifications and confirming requirements with
the client before moving into the design phase.
The team can devote their time and energy to
specifications and requirements before
considering design elements, which may
improve the quality of the final product.
Reduced stress

Planning and scheduling a project at the

beginning of the process may make the
experience less stressful. Knowing how you can
meet deadlines, what resources are available
and who's responsible for each component may
reduce the risk of last-minute changes or
rushed work. You can revisit your plans and
schedules regularly throughout the project's life
cycle to ensure you're progressing at a
comfortable pace, which can also minimize
anxiety.
WORK BREAKDOWN
& STRUCTURES
What is a Work
Breakdown &
Structure?
Breaking work into smaller tasks is a common
productivity technique used to make the work
more manageable and approachable. For
projects, the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
is the tool that utilizes this technique and is one
of the most important project management
documents. It singlehandedly integrates scope,
cost and schedule baselines ensuring that
project plans are in alignment.
A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a visual,
hierarchical and deliverable-oriented
deconstruction of a project. It is a helpful
diagram for project managers because it allows
them to break down their project scope and
visualize all the tasks required to complete their
projects.
There are two types of WBS:
1) Deliverable-Based and
2) Phase-Based.

The most common and preferred approach is

the Deliverable-Based approach. The main
difference between the two approaches are the
Elements identified in the first Level of the WBS.
Deliverable-Based Work Breakdown Structure

A Deliverable-Based Work Breakdown Structure

clearly demonstrates the relationship between
the project deliverables (i.e., products, services
or results) and the scope (i.e., work to be
executed).
• In Figure , the Level 1 Elements are
summary deliverable descriptions. The Level
2 Elements in each Leg of the WBS are all
the unique deliverables required to create
the respective Level 1 deliverable.
Phase-Based Work Breakdown Structure

A Phase-Based WBS, the Level 1 has five

Elements. Each of these Elements are typical
phases of a project. The Level 2 Elements are
the unique deliverables in each phase.
Regardless of the type of WBS, the lower Level
Elements are all deliverables. Notice that
Elements in different Legs have the same
name. A Phase-Based WBS requires work
associated with multiple elements be divided
into the work unique to each Level 1 Element.
A good WBS is simply one that makes the
project more manageable. Every project is
different; every project manager is different and
every WBS is different. So, the right WBS is the
one that best answers the question, “What
structure makes the project more
manageable?”.
How to Make a Work
Breakdown Structure
1. Gather Critical Documents

- Gather critical project documents.

- Identify content containing project

deliverables, such as the Project Charter, Scope
Statement and Project Management Plan
(PMP) subsidiary plans.
2. Identify Key Team Members

- Identify the appropriate project team members.

- Analyze the documents and identify the

deliverables.
3. Define Level 1 Elements

- Define the Level 1 Elements. Level 1 Elements

are summary deliverable descriptions that must
capture 100% of the project scope.

- Verify 100% of scope is captured. This

requirement is commonly referred to as the
100% Rule.
4. Decompose (Breakdown) Elements
- Begin the process of breaking the Level 1
deliverables into unique lower Level
deliverables. This “breaking down” technique is
called Decomposition.

- Continue breaking down the work until the

work covered in each Element is managed by a
single individual or organization. Ensure that all
Elements are mutually exclusive.
- Ask the question, would any additional
decomposition make the project more
manageable? If the answer is “no”, the WBS is
done.
5. Create WBS Dictionary
- Define the content of the WBS Dictionary. The
WBS Dictionary is a narrative description of the
work covered in each Element in the WBS. The
lowest Level Elements in the WBS are called
Work Packages.

- Create the WBS Dictionary descriptions at the

Work Package Level with detail enough to
ensure that 100% of the project scope is
covered. The descriptions should include
information such as, boundaries, milestones,
risks, owner, costs, etc.
6. Create Gantt Chart Schedule

- Decompose the Work Packages to activities

as appropriate.

- Export or enter the Work Breakdown Structure

into a Gantt chart for further scheduling and
project tracking.
WBS Dictionary

A WBS dictionary is a document that defines

the various WBS elements. It’s an important
component of a WBS because it allows the
project participants and stakeholders to
understand the work breakdown structure
terminology with more clarity.
A WBS Dictionary is created to describe the
work in each Element.
“The 100-percent rule says that if you want to
achieve personal success in any endeavor, you
must be 100 percent committed to it.”
How to Create a WBS Dictionary

After the Work Breakdown Structure has been

approved, the WBS Dictionary can be created.
The creation of the WBS Dictionary is led by the
Project Manager and developed by project team
members who are Subject Matter Experts
(SME). The development approach begins with
the Level 1 Elements, proceeds down each Leg
and terminates with the Work Packages. This
hierarchical approach ensures that the work
within each Level 1 remains in alignment and
compliance with the 100% Rule.
When creating the WBS Dictionary, it is
important to keep the content of each Element
brief. The primary purpose of the WBS
Dictionary is for project team members to have
a clear understanding of the work being
performed in all the Elements and particularly
the Work Packages. It is not a rewrite of the
Scope Statement, a Work Authorization
Package, a Contract or Agreement, etc. It is a
concise explanation of important topics related
to each Element. A good way to ensure this
format is followed is to use a WBS Dictionary
template while following these steps:
1. Assemble Project Team and Validate 100%
Rule
Assemble the project team SMEs and review
the Work Breakdown Structure to validate the
100% Rule. Ensure everyone understands the
WBS logic and assumptions. Revise the WBS
based on feedback from the SMEs.
2. Create Level 1 Element Content

Using a template with the following minimum

topics, create the content for each of the Level 1
WBS Elements (See WBS Template):

• WBS Level 1 ID Code and Title – Identify it as

a Control Account if it is one.

• Description – Define the Element boundaries

and frame the scope content so that it is clear
what scope is included and excluded.
• Primary Deliverable(s) – The product, service
or result created when all of the work in this
WBS Leg is complete.

• Acceptance Criteria – Functional and physical

requirements that meet customer
expectations.

• Summary Budget – Budget for the entire WBS

Leg, plus assumptions.
• Milestones – Milestone for the Primary
Deliverable(s). Also include any assumptions,
constraints, and schedule interdependencies
with other Primary Deliverables in the other
WBS Level 1 Elements

• Key Risks – Include any key threats and

opportunities with response strategies.
3. Confirm Level 1 Elements

Return to the Work Breakdown Structure and

check if the Level 1 Elements should be revised
based on the newly created content from the
WBS Dictionary. Confirm that the Level 1
Elements capture 100% of the scope.
4. Create Remaining Element Content

Continue creating similar content using the

same template for the remaining Elements
down to, but not including the Work Packages.
Adjust the content to reflect the respective Level
of the Element; i.e., Level 2, 3, etc.
5. Create Work Package Content

Using a template with the following minimum

topics, create the content for each of the Work
Package Elements:

• WBS Level 1 ID Code and Title – Identify it as

a Control Account if it is one.
• Responsible Organization/Individual – This is
the single organization, group or individual
that has been assigned sole responsibility for
making sure the Work Package is completed.
• Description – Define Work Package
boundaries. Frame the scope content so that
it is clear what scope is included and
excluded. If it is a Planning Package, describe
the known and unknown scope.

• Deliverables – The product, service or results

created when all of the work in this Work
Package is complete. Include any critical
intermediate deliverables.
• Acceptance Criteria – Functional and physical
requirements that meet customer
expectations. Include any unique approvals
required for acceptance.

• Budget – Budget for this Work Package, plus

any critical resource information and
assumptions.
• Milestones – Start Date, End Date,
Intermediate Milestones, Interdependencies,
Constraints and any assumptions.

• Risks – Include any known threats and

opportunities with response strategies.
6. Validate 100% Rule

Validate that the Dictionary adequately captures

the scope required to produce the deliverable.
Ensure that the WBS Dictionary reflects 100%
of the scope.
How to Use a WBS Dictionary
Just like the Work Breakdown Structure, the
WBS Dictionary is a critical scope planning tool.
It also serves as a basis for preparing work
authorization documents, schedules, cost
estimates and monitoring and controlling
baselines. As mentioned many times in this
article, it defines the work in the Work
Breakdown Structure. It contains minimal
essential information to understand the project
requirements and meet all of the deliverables’
acceptance criteria.
Combined with the approved scope statement
and the Work Breakdown Structure, the WBS
dictionary is the third and final component of the
scope baseline. The baseline is the project
document used to measure project
performance. The scope baseline is the formal
plan that is compared against actual results for
monitoring and controlling scope execution.
Work authorization documents are prepared
based on the Work Package information and
used to execute work. The Work Package
information in the WBS Dictionary provides the
basic data required for the creation work
authorization documents so that the
deliverables meet the acceptance criteria and
can be transferred to the customer. The Project
Team should refer to the WBS Dictionary
throughout project execution to ensure the
deliverables meet requirements.
The WBS Dictionary is also the primary input for
creating and monitoring schedule activities and
cost estimates. Decomposing Work Packages
create activities (See Figure 2). These activities
become the activities that build a schedule
using a Gantt chart format (See Figure 3). Once
the activities have been resource-loaded, cost
estimates can be created at the activity level,
then aggregated via the Work Breakdown
Structure throughout the entire project. This
easily permits the project to monitor and control
costs at any element in the WBS; a Work
Package or Control Account.
Decomposing Work Packages into Activities
Creating a Gantt Chart directly from Work Package Activities
 How to Use a
Work Breakdown
Structure
The Work Breakdown Structure is used for
many different things. Initially, it serves as a
planning tool to help the project team plan,
define and organize scope with deliverables.
The WBS is also used as the primary source of
schedule and cost estimate activities. But, its
biggest contributions to a project are is use as a
description all of the work and as a monitoring
and controlling tool.
Work Packages
Figure shows the House Project Work
Breakdown Structure expanded to Level 1, 2,
and 3 Elements. The lowest Levels of each Leg
and Branch of the WBS are called Work
Packages. Work Packages cover information
related to the deliverable, such as owner,
milestones, durations, resources, risks, etc. This
information is described in the WBS Dictionary.
Planning Packages
There is another type of Work Package called a
Planning Package. When the project
management plan is approved, scope is known,
but not necessarily all of the details. In order to
apply the 100% Rule and capture all of the
scope, Planning Packages are created. It is
understood that as details are defined, the
Planning Packages eventually evolve to Work
Packages. In the House Project, the project
manager knows that the house will have
fixtures, but at the time construction begins,
there is only a fixture allowance and no fixtures
Once the fixtures are determined, the
associated Planning Package becomes a Work
Package.

The 100-percent rule says that if you want to

achieve personal success in any endeavor, you
must be 100 percent committed to it.
Control Accounts
The other application of the WBS is as a
monitoring and controlling tool. This is
accomplished by defining Control Accounts.
Control Accounts are WBS Elements at which
the project plans to monitor and report
performance. The Control Accounts can be any
Element in the WBS. In the House Project, the
project manager decides that the project risks
associated with using subcontractors can be
better managed if the project reports
performance for each subcontractor.
To monitor their performance, Elements 3.1, 3.2
and 3.3 have been identified as Control
Accounts. However, the remaining work in
Elements 1.0 and 2.0 will be performed by
company resources with less risk and the
project does not feel like monitoring and
controlling is needed at lower Levels. To assist
with the monitoring and reporting, project
management information tools are used to
collect, analyze and report information at any
Element within the WBS.
PERT / CPM
Project Evaluation and Review
Technique (PERT) and Critical Path
Method (CPM) are both useful tools
when planning and controlling a
project. PERT and CPM are
complementary and both are
important analytical techniques in
project management when managing
tasks.
There are differences between PERT
and CPM, of course, which is why
they work so well together when
calculating the time it’ll take to
complete tasks in your project. To
better understand that relationship,
let’s first define both, explore how they
differ and see the ways they work
together when managing a project.
What Is PERT?
Project managers use PERT as a tool
to help them determine how much
time it’ll take to complete a project.
This is an essential step toward
developing an accurate schedule.
PERT works on a PERT chart, which
maps three-time estimates. One is the
optimistic time, or the least amount of
time expected for a task to be done.
Next is the pessimistic time, or the
maximum amount of time it’ll take to
complete a task. Finally, there’s the
most likely time, which is a reasonable
amount of time to complete the task
as long as there are no delays,
bottlenecks, etc. Once these
estimates have been recorded, the
project manager then calculates
(optimistic time + 4 x most likely time
+ pessimistic time) /6.
Then comes the PERT analysis based
on the project network diagram that’s
made up of arrows showing the
direction of the work and nodes, which
are circles representing the task. It’s
called an activity-on-arrows chart, in
which each task or milestone is joined
by arrows.
What Is CPM?
CPM is used to determine the earliest
possible starting time for each task in
the project. It’ll also help a project
manager determine the critical tasks
and non-critical tasks. This helps
when executing the project. If you’re
behind schedule, you know which
tasks can be skipped without
impacting the integrity of the work.
Therefore, the critical path is the
longest sequence in a network
diagram or the shortest duration for
the project to be completed. There are
some terms used in CPM just as there
are in PERT. These are early start
(earliest time a project can be started),
late start (latest time to start a project),
early finish (earliest completion of a
project) and late finish (latest time to
complete a project without causing
The CPM is an activities-on-nodes chart
and only links one event to the next. As
you can see, it can take time to figure out
CPM. ProjectManager is project
management software with various project
views, such as interactive Gantt charts,
which filter for the critical path. There are
no calculations necessary. It’s all done
instantly. Then you can set a baseline to
track your planned effort against your
actual effort to stay on schedule.
Using PERT and
CPM in Project
Management
As mentioned, PERT and CPM are
staples of project management
planning and controlling. This is
critical as project management is all
about controlling the time and cost of
the project. Project managers use
both PERT and CPM to break up
large, complex projects into smaller
tasks to minimize time and cost.
PERT and CPM are used as a means to
make projects more effective and efficient.
When managing projects, PERT and CPM
helps project managers know how long the
project and individual tasks will take. It
helps them determine the best start and
end dates for those tasks. They can also
see which are critical to the success of the
project and which are not. Also, they can
find out how long they can delay non-
critical tasks and still remain on schedule.
Both PERT and CPM have distinct
uses in project planning and
controlling. They’re estimating tools
and as such key to creating a project
schedule, which is an essential part of
project management. When used
together, they provide a more
conservative forecast of a project’s
schedule, but also costs and
resources as they reveal a more
conservative timeframe for those
Benefits of Using PERT and CPM

It should be clear what the

advantages of using PERT CPM are.
PERT is an ideal tool for scheduling
tasks on projects and helps you figure
out the critical path. Together they
help you determine the schedule so
you can coordinate the work of your
project team.
Make Timely Decisions

Project managers can also use PERT

and CPM to make timely decisions
when executing the project. These
choices help prevent delays and
deliver projects on time. PERT is great
for what-if scenarios and the critical
path helps to identify different
uncertainties in the project.
Using both PERT and CPM will
promote the coordination of
departments involved in the project. It
facilitates decision-making for cross-
functional teams with ample data that
helps with project management. You
can also analyze all tasks to see if the
project will be completed within the
budget.
Long-Term Project Planning With
Milestones

While there’s a hurdle to understanding CPM

and doing the calculations is time-consuming,
once cleared there are many advantages. CPM
helps with outlining long-term planning while
identifying critical tasks, making it easier to plan,
schedule and control the project. This leads to
greater productivity and better resource
management.
PERT, on the other hand, identifies milestones
and the sequence of tasks in the project. It’s a
visual tool, which helps everyone on the project
team understand it. PERT charts should be
updated throughout the life cycle of the project
to ensure its benefits.
ProjectManager Combines PERT and CPM

To get the benefits of PERT and CPM without

having to spend time on calculations, you need
project management software. But not all
project management software is the same.
ProjectManager is online project management
software that has Gantt charts that can filter for
the critical path and show you what is critical
and non-critical when managing your project.