Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Chapter 4
A solution is a homogenous
mixture of 2 or more substances

The solute is(are) the

substance(s) present in the
smaller amount(s)
aqueous solutions
of KMnO4
The solvent is the substance
present in the larger amount
Solution Solvent Solute
Soft drink(l) H2O Sugar, CO2
Air(g) N2 O2, Ar, CH4
Soft Solder(s) Pb Sn
2
An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in
water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity.

A nonelectrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved,

results in a solution that does not conduct electricity.

nonelectrolyte weak electrolyte strong electrolyte

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Ionic compounds conduct electricity in solutions, as
the ions are free to move to conduct electricity.
Cations (+) and Anions (-)

Strong Electrolyte – 100% dissociation

H 2O
NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Weak Electrolyte – not completely dissociated

CH3COOH CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)

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 Ionization of acetic acid

CH3COOH CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)

A reversible reaction. The reaction can

occur in both directions.

Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte because its

ionization in water is incomplete.

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Hydration is the process in which an ion is surrounded
by water molecules arranged in a specific manner.

d-

d+
H2O 6
Nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity?

No cations (+) and anions (-) in solution

H 2O
C6H12O6(s) C6H12O6(aq)

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 Precipitation Reactions
Neutralization Reaction
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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Precipitation of Lead Iodide

Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2(s) PbI2

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 Precipitation Reactions
Precipitate – insoluble solid that separates from solution
precipitate

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

molecular equation

Pb2+ + 2NO3- + 2Na+ + 2I- PbI2(s) + 2Na+ + 2NO3-

ionic equation

Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2(s)

PbI2
net ionic equation
Na+ and NO3- are spectator ions
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CA12
 Writing Net Ionic Equations
1. Write the balanced molecular equation.
2. Write the ionic equation showing the strong electrolytes
completely dissociated into cations and anions.
3. Cancel the spectator ions on both sides of the ionic equation
4. Check that charges and number of atoms are balanced in the
net ionic equation

Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of silver nitrate
with sodium chloride.

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

Ag+ + NO3- + Na+ + Cl- AgCl(s) + Na+ + NO3-

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl(s) 12

Blackboard: Class Assessment 13
Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve
in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature.

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Examples of Insoluble Compounds

CdS PbS Ni(OH)2 Al(OH)3

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Blackboard: Class Assessment 14
 Properties of Acids
Have a sour taste. Vinegar owes its taste to acetic acid. Citrus
fruits contain citric acid.
Cause color changes in
plant dyes.
React with certain metals to produce Anthocyanins purple (neutral); red (acidic –
due to flavylium ions that absorbs and
hydrogen gas. reflect different light wavelengths; and blue-
green (alkaline – quinone base)

2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

React with carbonates and bicarbonates
to produce carbon dioxide gas

2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity.

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 Properties of Bases
Have a bitter taste.

Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases.

Cause color changes in plant dyes.

Aqueous base solutions conduct electricity.

Examples:

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Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water

Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH- in water

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 A Brønsted acid is a proton donor
A Brønsted base is a proton acceptor

base acid acid base

A Brønsted acid must contain at least one ionizable

proton!
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Monoprotic acids
HCl H+ + Cl- Strong electrolyte, strong acid

HNO3 H+ + NO3- Strong electrolyte, strong acid

CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO- Weak electrolyte, weak acid

Diprotic acids
H2SO4 H+ + HSO4- Strong electrolyte, strong acid

HSO4- H+ + SO42- Weak electrolyte, weak acid

Triprotic acids
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
H2PO4- H+ + HPO42- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
HPO42- H+ + PO43- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
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Identify each of the following species as a Brønsted acid, base,
or both. (a) HCI, (b) CH3COO-, (c) H2PO4-

HCI + NH3 NH4+ + CI- Brønsted acid

CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq) CH3COOH (aq) Brønsted base

H2PO4- (aq) H+ (aq) + HPO42- (aq) Brønsted acid

H2PO4- (aq) + H+ (aq) H3PO4 (aq) Brønsted base

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Blackboard: Class Assessment 15
 Neutralization Reaction

acid + base salt + water

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O

H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- Na+ + Cl- + H2O
H+ + OH- H 2O

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Neutralization Reaction Involving a Weak
Electrolyte

weak acid + base salt + water

HCN(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCN(aq) + H2O

HCN + Na+ + OH- Na+ + CN- + H2O
HCN + OH- CN- + H2O

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 Neutralization Reaction Producing a Gas

acid + base salt + water + CO2

2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O +CO2

2H+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + CO32- 2Na+ + 2Cl- + H2O + CO2

2H+ + CO32- H2O + CO2

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 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
(electron transfer reactions)
2Mg + O2 2MgO

https://youtu.be/4lVkIWdjt4A

2Mg 2Mg2+ + 4e-

Oxidation half-reaction (lose e-)
O2 + 4e- 2O2- Reduction half-reaction (gain e-)
2Mg + O2 + 4e- 2Mg2+ + 2O2- + 4e-
2Mg + O2 2MgO 27
 Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Zn Zn2+ + 2e- Zn is oxidized Zn is the reducing agent
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Cu + 2e
2+ -
Cu Cu is reduced Cu is the oxidizing agent
2+ 2+
 Copper wire reacts with silver nitrate to form silver metal.
What is the oxidizing agent in the reaction?

Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Cu Cu2+ + 2e- Cu is oxidized
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Ag+ + 1e- Ag Ag+ is reduced Ag+ is the oxidizing agent
Blackboard: Class Assessment 16
 Oxidation number

Charge the atom would have in a molecule (or an ionic

compound), if electrons were completely transferred (gained/lost)

4.4
 Oxidation number
The charge the atom would have in a molecule (or an
ionic compound) if electrons were completely transferred.

1. Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation

number of zero.

Na, Be, K, Pb, H2, O2, P4 = 0

2. In monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to
the charge on the ion.

Li+, Li = +1; Fe3+, Fe = +3; O2-, O = -2

3. The oxidation number of oxygen is usually –2. In H2O2
and O22- it is –1. 32
4.4
4. The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 except when
it is bonded to metals in binary compounds. In these
cases, its oxidation number is –1.
5. Group IA metals are +1, IIA metals are +2 and fluorine is
always –1.
6. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in a
molecule or ion is equal to the charge on the molecule
or ion.
7. Oxidation numbers do not have to be integers.
Oxidation number of oxygen in the superoxide ion,
O2-, is –½.
HCO3 -

What are the oxidation numbers O = –2 H = +1

of all the elements in HCO3- ?
3x(–2) + 1 + ? = –1
C = +4 33
The Oxidation Numbers of Elements in their Compounds

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What are the oxidation numbers of IF7
all the elements in each of these
compounds? F = -1
NaIO3 IF7 K2Cr2O7
7x(-1) + ? = 0
NaIO3 I = +7

Na = +1 O = -2
K2Cr2O7
3x(-2) + 1 + ? = 0
O = -2 K = +1
I = +5
7x(-2) + 2x(+1) + 2x(?) = 0
Cr = +6
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Blackboard: Class Assessment 17
 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Combination Reaction
A+B C
0 0 +2 -3
3Mg + N2 Mg3N2

Decomposition Reaction
C A+B

+1 +5 -2 +1 -1 0
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
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 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Combustion Reaction

A + O2 B
0 0 +4 -2
S + O2 SO2

0 0 +2 -2
2Mg + O2 2MgO

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 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Displacement Reaction
A + BC AC + B
0 +1 +2 0
Sr + 2H2O Sr(OH)2 + H2 Hydrogen Displacement
+4 0 0 +2
TiCl4 + 2Mg Ti + 2MgCl2 Metal Displacement
0 -1 -1 0
Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2 Halogen Displacement

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 Classify each of the following reactions.

Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3 Precipitation

NH3 + H+ NH4+ Acid-Base

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 Redox (H2 Displacement)

Ca + F2 CaF2 Redox (Combination)

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 Solution Stoichiometry
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute
present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.
moles of solute
M = molarity =
liters of solution

What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL of a

2.80 M KI solution?
M KI M KI
volume of KI solution moles KI grams KI

1L 2.80 mol KI 166 g KI

500. mL x x x = 232 g KI
1000 mL 1 L soln 1 mol KI
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 Solution Composition: Molarity
 It is often more convenient to measure the volume of a solution than measure its mass.

 Chemists often describe a solution in terms of concentration.

 We define the concentration of a solution as the amount of solute in a given

volume of solution.

 The molarity (M) describes the amount of solute in moles and the volume of
the solution in liters.

 Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute per volume of solution in liters!!!

M = Molarity = (moles of solute) / (liters of solution) = mol / L

 For example; 1.0 M NaCl solution means that “1 mol of NaCl was dissolved in
enough water to make 1.0 L of solution”.
Preparing a Solution of Known Concentration

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Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated
solution from a more concentrated solution.

Dilution
Add Solvent

Moles of solute Moles of solute

before dilution (i) = after dilution (f)

MiVi = MfVf

How could 100 ml of 0.125 M H2SO4 be made from 0.500 M

H2SO4 solution?
M1V1 = M2V2 V1 = M2V2/M1 = 25 ml
Blackboard: Class Assessment 18
 Titrations
In a titration a solution of accurately known concentration is
added gradually added to another solution of unknown
concentration until the chemical reaction between the two
solutions is complete.

Equivalence point – the point at which the reaction is complete

Indicator – substance that changes color at (or near) the
equivalence point

Slowly add base

to unknown acid
UNTIL
the indicator
changes color
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Titrations can be used in the analysis of

Acid-base reactions

H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4

Acid-base Titration
https://youtu.be/5BZ0MPIgeEE?
si=iVPc-Hmc2C8FLasX

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