Chapter 2

Hardware and Software

 Hardware consists of computer equipment used to perform input,
processing, storage, and output activities.
The trend in the computer industry is to produce smaller, faster, and
more mobile hardware, such as smartphones, laptops, and tablet
computers.
Anatomy of a Computer
Hardware components include devices that perform:
Input: to enter data to the computer
Processing : to process data
Data storage(Memory): to store data
Output: to display processed data
Input/output : to input/output data
Communication channel(bus): to communicate or link devices
altogather
 Processor
Central processing unit (CPU) components
• Arithmetic/logic unit(ALU), the control unit(CU), and the register areas
• Part of the computer that sequences and executes instructions
Memory
• Provides the processor with a working storage area to hold program instructions and
data
• It rapidly provides data and instructions to the processor.
Input/output devices
• Provide data and instructions to the computer and receives results from it
Bus: A set of electronic circuits used to route data and instructions to and from
the various components of a computer.
• Clock speed
• A series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine
cycle time
• it governs the speed at which these steps are completed.
• Often measured in gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second
Anatomy of a Computer
 Anatomy of a Computer

Data Bus: Carries data between the

CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
Address Bus: Transmits the
physical location (address) of data
to be accessed or written by the
CPU.
 Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing
• Involves the simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the
same time
• One form uses coprocessors
Coprocessor
• Speeds processing by executing specific types of instructions while the
CPU works on another processing activity
• Coprocessors can be internal or external to the CPU and can have
different clock speeds than the CPU.
• Each type of coprocessor performs a specific function.
• For example, a math coprocessor chip speeds mathematical
calculations, while a graphics coprocessor chip decreases the time it
takes to manipulate graphics.
 Parallel Computing
Multicore processor
Has two or more independent processing units, called cores, which
are capable of sequencing and executing instructions.
The multiple cores can run multiple instructions at the same time,
thereby increasing the amount of processing that can be completed
in a given amount of time
 Parallel Computing
• Parallel computing
• The simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple
processors to obtain results more quickly.
• Massively parallel processing systems
• Systems with thousands of such processors
• Links hundreds or even thousands of processors to operate at
the same time
• Grid computing
• The use of a collection of computers that work in a coordinated
manner to solve a common problem.
• The grid can include dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of
computers that run collectively to solve extremely large
processing problems.
• Controlling Server(central server ) divides the computing task
into subtasks and assigns the work to computers on the grid that
 Memory
• Main memory
• Provides the CPU with a working storage area for programs and
data
• Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU
• memory devices contain thousands of circuits imprinted on silicon
chips. Each circuit is either conducting electrical current (on) or
not conducting current (off).
• Data is stored in memory as a combination of on or off circuit
states. Usually, 8 bits are used to represent a character, such as
the letter A.
Storage capacity
Byte (B): eight bits that together represent a single character
of data
 Types of Memory
Primary storage devices:
Random access memory (RAM) is temporary and volatile meaning
they lose their contents if the current is turned off or disrupted,.
• Types of RAM
• Static random access memory (SRAM) used for high-speed registers and caches
• Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) used for main memory
• Double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory (DDR SDRAM)
• Other forms of RAM
• DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, and DDR4 SDRAM
• DDR4 reduces the energy required to run portable devices and servers
Read-only memory (ROM) is nonvolatile means that its contents are
not lost if the power is turned off or interrupted.
• It provides permanent storage for data and instructions that do not change
 Secondary Data Storage Devices
•Secondary storage
• Devices that store large amounts of data,
instructions, and information more permanently
than allowed with memory
•Advantages over memory
•Nonvolatility
•Greater capacity
•Greater economy
 Secondary Data Storage
Devices
•Secondary storage is not directly accessible
by the CPU
• Computers usually use input/output channels to
access secondary storage and then transfer the
desired data to intermediate areas in primary
storage
•Most common forms
• Magnetic
• Optical
• Solid state
 Magnetic Secondary Storage Devices

• Magnetic tape
• A type of sequential secondary storage medium
• Primarily for storing backups of critical organizational
data
• Hard disk drive (HDD)
• A direct access storage device; consists of rapidly
rotating disks coated with magnetic material
• A hard disk represents bits of data with small
magnetized areas and uses a read/write head to go
directly to the desired piece of data.
• Virtual tape
• A storage device for less frequently needed data
 Optical Secondary Storage Devices
•An optical storage device uses special lasers
to read and write data.
•The lasers record data by physically burning
pits in the disc. Data is directly accessed
from the disc by an optical disc device,
Common types of optical storage devices
• Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)
• Digital video disc (DVD)
• Blu-ray high-definition video disk
• DNA data storage: experimental at this time
 Solid State Secondary Storage
Devices
• Solid state storage device (SSD)
• Stores data in memory chips rather than magnetic or
optical media
• Advantages
• Require less power and provide faster access than
magnetic data storage devices
• Have no moving parts, so they are less fragile than hard
disk drives
• A universal serial bus (USB) flash drive is a
common SSD
 Enterprise Storage Options

•Enterprise storage
•Large secondary storage
•Forms of enterprise storage
•Storage area networks (SANs)
•Cloud computing storage
 Storage Area Networks
• Storage Area Networks (SAN)
• A high-speed, special-purpose network that integrates
different types of data storage devices into a single
storage system and connects that to computing
resources across an entire organization
• SANs can provide capabilities such as:
• Disk mirroring, data backup and restore, data archiving,
data migration from one storage device to another, and
sharing data among other devices
Storage Area Networks
 Storage as a Service
• Storage as a Service
• A data storage model where a data storage service
provider rents space to individuals and organizations
• Rented data storage is accessed via the Internet
• Cloud-based storage services
• Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud, Apple iCloud,
Dropbox, Google Drive, Microsoft SkyDrive, and Mozy
• Amazon’s Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) allows
subscribers to upload, store, and download data
 Input and Output Devices
• Input and output devices:
• Allow the user to provide data and instructions to the
computer and to receive results from it
• Are part of a computer’s user interface
• Organizations should keep their business goals in
mind when selecting input and output devices
• Desired characteristics
• Input devices: allow accurate and rapid entry
• Output devices: produce timely results
• Specialized functions may be required
 Input Devices
• Common Personal Computer Input Devices
• Keyboard and mouse
• Speech-Recognition Technology
• Motion-Sensing Input Devices
• Scanning Devices
• Optical Data Readers
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Devices
• Magnetic Stripe Cards
• Chip Cards
• Smart Cards
• Contactless Payment Cards
• Point-of-Sale (POS) Devices
• Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Devices
• Bar-Code Scanners
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Devices
• Pen Input Devices
• Touch Screens
 Output Devices
• Display Screens
• Used to show output from the computer
 Output Devices
•Printers and Plotters
•Two main types of printers
-Laser
-Inkjet
•Plotters are used for general design work
-Blueprints, schematics, and drawings of
buildings
 Output Devices
•3D Printers
• 3D technology takes a three-dimensional model
of an object stored on a computer and sends it
to a 3D printer to create the object using strands
of a plastic filament or synthetic powder
• Commonly used by aerospace firms, auto
manufacturers, and other design-intensive
companies
• Bioprinting
-Uses 3D printers to build human parts and organs
from actual human cells
Output Devices
 Computer System Types

•Two major groups of general-purpose

computers
•Single-user computers
•Multiple-user computers
 Mobile Computers
• Mobile computers are small enough to carry easily
• Smartphones
• Allow users to place calls, download and run apps, send and
receive text messages and email, view documents and files, take
and send photos and videos, get driving directions via GPS,
browse Web sites, and create playlists of digital tunes
• Laptops, Notebooks, and Tablets
• Laptops are designed for use by mobile users
• Notebooks and ultrabooks are smaller than laptops
• Tablet computers are portable, lightweight computers with or
without a keyboard
Mobile Computers
 Thin Clients, Desktops, and
Workstations
• A thin client is a low-cost, centrally managed computer with no
internal or external attached drives for storage
• . With no hard disk, they never pick up viruses or suffer a hard disk
crash.
• Thin clients work well in a cloud-computing environment to
enable users to access the computing and data resources available
within the cloud.
• Desktop computers are single-user computer systems that are
highly versatile
• A nettop computer is an inexpensive desktop computer
• Smaller, lighter, and consumes much less power than a
traditional desktop computer
 Cont…..
• Workstations are more powerful than personal computers but still
small enough to fit on a desktop
• They are used to support engineering and technical users who perform
heavy mathematical computing, computer-assisted design (CAD),
video editing, and other applications requiring a high-end processor.
• Such users need
very powerful CPUs,
large amounts of main memory, and
extremely high-resolution graphic displays
. W
Workstations are typically more expensive than the average
desktop computer.
 Servers, Mainframes, and
Supercomputers
• Server
• A computer employed by many users to perform a specific task,
such as running network or Internet applications
• Usually has special features that make it more suitable for
operating in a multiuser environment
• Scalability: the ability to increase the processing capability
• Enable the system to handle more users, more data, or more
transactions
• Mainframe computer: a large, powerful computer shared by
hundreds of concurrent users connected to the machine over a
network
• Supercomputers: one of the most powerful computer systems
with the fastest processing speed
Server Farms, Data Centers, and
Green Computing
• This section provides an overview of what the
computer industry and various organizations are
doing to meet their computing needs in a more
efficient and environmentally friendly manner
 Server Farms
•Server farm: a room used to house a large
number of servers
• Access to the machines can be controlled and
authorized support personnel can more easily
manage and maintain the servers
•Virtual server: a method of logically dividing
the resources of a single physical server to
create multiple logical servers
• Each logical server acts as its own dedicated
machine
Server Farms
 Data Center
•Data center
• A climate-and-access-controlled building or a set
of buildings that houses the computer hardware
that delivers an organization’s data and
information services
•Factors driving growth in data centers:
• Demand for additional computing capacity
• Need for additional storage capacity
• Some organizations are consolidating data
centers from many locations down to just a few
locations
 Data Center
•Construction Considerations
• More efficient operation and reduced energy for
processing and cooling
-Modular design
-Location: areas with milder climates and lower energy
rates and land costs
• Ability to absorb the impact of a disaster (e.g.,
hurricane, earthquake, terrorism attack, or war)
and quickly restore services
 Green Computing
• A program concerned with the efficient and
environmentally responsible design ,
manufacture, operation, and disposal of IS-
related products
•Goals
• Reduce the use of hazardous material
• Allow companies to lower their power-related
costs
• Enable safe disposal or recycling of equipment
 Green Computing
• Electronic Product Environmental Assessment
Tool (EPEAT)
• A system that enables purchasers to evaluate,
compare, and select electronic products based on a
total of 51 environmental criteria
 An Overview of Software
•Software
• Consists of computer programs that control the
workings of computer hardware
•Software can be divided into two types:
• System software – includes operating system
(OS), utilities, and middleware that coordinate
the activities and functions of the hardware and
other programs
• Application software – programs that help users
solve particular computing problems
 Software Sphere of Influence
•Sphere of influence: the scope of problems
and opportunities addressed by a particular
organization
•Personal sphere of influence
• Serves the needs of an individual user
•Personal productivity software
• Enables users to improve their personal
effectiveness
 Software Sphere of Influence
•Workgroup: two or more people working
together to achieve a common goal
•Workgroup sphere of influence
• Helps workgroup members attain their common
goals
•Enterprise sphere of influence
• Serves the needs of the firm in its interaction
with its environment
Software Sphere of Influence
 Systems Software
• Controls the operations of computer hardware
• Supports the application programs’ problem-
solving capabilities
• Types of systems software
• Operating systems
• Utility programs
• Middleware
 Operating Systems
• A set of programs that controls computer
hardware and acts as an interface with
application programs
• Combinations of OSs, computers, and users:
• Single computer with a single user
• Single computer with multiple simultaneous
users
• Multiple computers with multiple users
• Special-purpose computers
Operating Systems
 Operating Systems
• Kernel:
• The heart of the operating system
• Controls the most critical processes of the OS
• Ties all of the OS components together and regulates other
programs
• Functions performed by the OS
• Control common computer hardware functions
• Provide a user interface and input/output management
• Provide a degree of hardware independence
• Manage system memory
• Manage processing tasks
• Provide networking capability
• Control access to system resources
• Manage files
 Operating Systems
• Common Hardware Functions
• Get input from keyboard or another input device
• Retrieve data from disks
• Store data on disks
• Display information on a monitor or printer
• User Interface and Input/Output Management
• A user interface allows individuals to access and interact with
the computer system
• A command-based user interface requires text commands
• A graphical user interface (GUI)
- The user interacts with icons and menus to send commands to
the computer system
Operating Systems
 Operating Systems
• Hardware Independence
• Application program interface (API): a set of programming
instructions and standards for one software program to access
and use the services of another software program
• Hardware independence allows software development without
concern for the specific underlying hardware
• Memory Management
• Allows the computer to execute program instructions effectively
and to speed processing
• Virtual memory: hard disk space is allocated to supplement the
immediate, functional memory capacity of RAM
- Paging
 Operating Systems
• Processing Tasks: Five basic task management
techniques
• Multiuser: allows two or more users to run programs at
the same time on one computer
• Multiprocessing: supports running a program on more
than one CPU
• Multitasking: allows more than one program to run
concurrently
• Multithreading: allows different threads of a single
program to run concurrently
• Real time: responds to input instantly
 Operating Systems
• Networking Capability
• Allows computers in a network to send and receive data and share
computing resources
• Access to System Resources and Security
• Provides protection against unauthorized access to the users’ data
and programs
• Establishes a logon procedure
- May control access to specific system resources
• Tracks who is using the system, length of use, and attempted
security breaches
• File Management
• Ensures that files in secondary storage are available when needed
• Protects files from access by unauthorized users
 Personal Computing Operating Systems
• Microsoft PC OS
• As of Windows 10, Microsoft is moving away from
releasing major new versions, but will provide ongoing,
incremental upgrades and improvements
 Personal Computing Operating Systems
• Apple Computer OS
• Mac OS X has been upgraded multiple times
• First eight versions were named after big cats
• Latest versions are named after places in California
• Mac OS X 10.11 El Capitan is the latest version
• Mac users can set up their computers to run both Windows and
Mac OS X
• Linux
• Open-source operating system
• Three of the most widely used distributions come from software
companies:
- Red Hat
- SUSE
- Canonical
• openSUSE is the distribution sponsored by SUSE
Personal Computing Operating Systems
 Personal Computing Operating Systems
•Google Chrome
• Chrome OS
-Linux-based operating system designed for netbooks
and nettops
-Designed to run on inexpensive low-power computers
• Chromium OS: an open-source version of
Chrome OS
 Workgroup Operating Systems
• Windows Server provides:
• A powerful Web server management system
• Virtualization tools that allow various operating
systems to run on a single server
• Advanced security features
• Robust administrative support
• UNIX
• Can be used on many computer system types and
platforms
 Workgroup Operating Systems
•Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server can manage
a cluster of several servers
•Mac OS X Server
• First modern server OS from Apple
• Based on the UNIX OS
• Makes it easy to collaborate, develop software,
host Web sites and wikis, configure Mac and iOS
devices, and remotely access a network
 Smartphone Operating Systems
• Smartphones employ full-fledged computer OSs
• Google Android
• Apple iOS
•Embedded operating system:
• a computer system (including a processor) implanted in
and dedicated to the control of another device
•Popular OSs for embedded systems
• Windows embedded
• Proprietary Linux-based systems: Sony’s Wii; and OSs in e-
book readers, ATMs, smartphones, networking devices,
and media players
 Utility Programs
• Utility program: a program that helps to perform maintenance or
correct problems with a system
 Middleware
• Middleware
• Software that allows different systems to communicate
and exchange data
• Can also be used as an interface between the
Internet and private corporate systems
• Enterprise application integration (EAI): tying
together of disparate applications
• Service-oriented architecture (SOA): a software
design approach using modules to provide
specific functions as services to other applications
 Application Software

• Application programs’ primary function

• To apply the power of the computer to enable people,
workgroups, and the entire enterprise to solve
problems and perform specific tasks
• Many software options are available
• Software can be selected that best meets the needs of
the individual, workgroup, or enterprise
 Overview of Application Software
• Proprietary software: a one-of-a-kind program for a
specific application
• Owned by the company, organization, or person that uses it
• Off-the-shelf software: software mass-produced by
software vendors
• Addresses needs that are common across businesses,
organizations, or individuals
• Software as a service (SaaS)
• Businesses subscribe to Web-delivered business application
software
• Vendors include Oracle, SAP, NetSuite, Salesforce, and Google
 Personal Application Software
• Word Processing
• Create, edit, and print text documents
• Spreadsheet Analysis
• Perform statistical, financial, logical, database, graphics, and date and
time calculations using a wide range of built-in functions
• Database Applications
• Store, manipulate, and retrieve data
• Presentation Graphics Program
• Develop graphs, illustrations, drawings, and presentations
• Software Suites and Integrated Software Packages
• A collection of single programs packaged together in a bundle
• Suites can include: word processor, spreadsheet, database management,
graphics, communications tools, and organizers
• Programs are designed to work similarly
• Bundled suite is cost effective
Personal Application Software
 Personal Application Software
• Other Personal Application Software
• TurboTax: tax-preparation program
• Software for creating Web pages and sites, composing
music, and editing photos and videos
• Educational and reference
• Entertainment, games, and leisure
• Computer-assisted design (CAD)
• Statistical software: SPSS and SAS
 Personal Application Software
• Mobile Application Software
• Number of apps has exploded
• Hundreds of thousands of applications have been
developed by third parties
• Over 1.8 million applications are available for iPhones
from the Apple App Store
• Over 2.2 million apps are available in the Android
market on Google’s Play Store
Personal Application Software
 Workgroup Application Software

• Workgroup application software

• Designed to support teamwork with people in the
same location or dispersed around the world
• Enterprise application software
• Software that benefits an entire organization
• Helps managers and workers stay connected
• Cost, installation and ability to integrate with other
software are major considerations in selecting this
software
• Usability on smartphones and mobile devices is also an
important factor
 Programming Languages

•Programming languages
• Sets of keywords, commands, symbols, and a
system of rules for constructing statements
• Allows humans to communicate instructions to
a computer
•Syntax: a set of rules associated with a
programming language
 Software Issues and Trends

•Software issues:
•Software bugs
•Copyrights and licensing
•Open-source software
•Software upgrades
•Global software support
 Software Bugs
• Software bug: a defect in a program that keeps it from performing as it
should
• Tips for reducing the impact of software bugs
• Register all software
• Check read-me files for solutions to known problems
• Access the support area of the manufacturer’s Web site for patches
• Install the latest software updates
• Before reporting a bug, make sure that you can recreate the
circumstances under which it occurs
• After you can recreate the bug, call the manufacturer’s tech support
line
• Consider waiting before buying the latest release of software to give
the vendor a chance to discover and remove bugs. Many schools and
businesses don’t purchase software until the first major revision with
patches is released
 Copyrights and Licenses
• Most software products are protected by law
using copyright or licensing provisions:
• In some cases, you are given unlimited use of software
on one or two computers
• In other cases, you pay for your usage; if you use the
software more, you pay more
• Some software now requires that you register or
activate it before it can be fully used
• Single-user license
• Permits you to install the software on one or more
computers, used by one person
 Open-Source Software

• Open-source software: distributed, typically for free,

with the source code
• Software Upgrades
• Software companies revise their programs and sell new
versions periodically
• Software upgrades vary widely in the benefits that they
provide
• Developing an upgrading strategy is important for many
businesses
• Helps to ensure that updated software is more stable with
fewer errors and problems
 Global Software Support

• Supporting local operations is one of the biggest

challenges IS teams face when putting together
standardized, company-wide systems
• Outsourcing global support to one or more third-
party distributors is gaining acceptance
 •THE END !!!
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•THANK U!!!