Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology,

Greater Noida

Statistical Technique-II

Unit: II

Subject Name: Jyoti Singh

Mathematics-IV
Department of
Subject Code: AAS0402
Mathematics
B Tech 4th Sem

12/13/2024

Faculty Name Jyoti Singh Unit II

1
 Evaluation Scheme

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 Syllabus

Unit-I (Statistical Techniques-I)

Introduction: Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median, Mode, Moment,
Skewness, Kurtosis, Curve Fitting ,Method of least squares, Fitting of straight
lines, Fitting of second degree parabola, Exponential curves ,Correlation and
Rank correlation, Linear regression, nonlinear regression and multiple linear
regression
Unit-II (Statistical Techniques-II)
Testing a Hypothesis, Null hypothesis, Alternative hypothesis, Level of
significance, Confidence limits, p-value, Test of significance of difference of
means, Z-test, t-test and Chi-square test, F-test, ANOVA: One way and Two
way. Statistical Quality Control (SQC), Control Charts, Control Charts for
variables (Mean and Range Charts), Control Charts for Variables ( p, np and C
charts).

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 Syllabus

Unit III (Probability and Random Variable)

Random Variable: Definition of a Random Variable, Discrete Random
Variable, Continuous Random Variable, Probability mass function, Probability
Density Function, Distribution functions.
Multiple Random Variables: Joint density and distribution Function,
Properties of Joint Distribution function, Marginal density Functions,
Conditional Distribution and Density, Statistical Independence, Central Limit
Theorem (Proof not expected).
Unit IV (Expectations and Probability Distribution)
Operation on One Random Variable – Expectations: Introduction, Expected
Value of a Random Variable, Mean, Variance, Moment Generating
Function, Binomial, Poisson, Normal, Exponential distribution.

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 Syllabus

Unit V (Wavelets and applications and Aptitude-IV)

Wavelet Transform, wavelet series. Basic wavelets
(Haar/Shannon/Daubechies), orthogonal wavelets, multi-resolution analysis,
reconstruction of wavelets and applications.
Number System, Permutation & Combination, Probability, Function, Data
Interpretation, Syllogism.

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 Branch Wise Application

 Data Analysis
 Artificial intelligence
 Network and Traffic modeling

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 Course Objective

• The objective of this course is to familiarize the students with statistical

techniques. It aims to present the students with standard concepts and tools at
an intermediate to superior level that will provide them well towards
undertaking a variety of problems in the discipline.
The students will learn:
• Understand the concept of correlation, moments, skewness and kurtosis and
curve fitting.
• Apply the concept of hypothesis testing and statistical quality control to create
control charts.
• Remember the concept of probability to evaluate probability distributions.
• Understand the concept of Mathematical Expectations and Probability
Distribution.
• Remember the concept of Wavelet Transform and Solve the problems of
Number System, Permutation & Combination, Probability, Function, Data
Interpretation, Syllogism.

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 Course Outcome

CO1: Understand the concept of correlation, moments, skewness and kurtosis

and curve fitting.
CO2: Apply the concept of hypothesis testing and statistical quality
control to create control charts.
CO3: Remember the concept of probability to evaluate probability
distributions
CO4: Understand the concept of Mathematical Expectations and Probability
Distribution
CO5: Remember the concept of Wavelet Transform and Solve the problems of
Number System, Permutation & Combination, Probability, Function, Data
Interpretation, Syllogism.

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 Program Outcome

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 PSO

PSO Program Specific Outcomes(PSOs)

PSO1 The ability to identify, analyze real world problems and design
their ethical solutions using artificial intelligence, robotics,
virtual/augmented reality, data analytics, block chain technology,
and cloud computing
PSO2 The ability to design and develop the hardware sensor devices
and related interfacing software systems for solving complex
engineering problems.
PSO3 The ability to understand inter disciplinary computing techniques
and to apply them in the design of advanced computing.
PSO4 The ability to conduct investigation of complex problem with the
help of technical, managerial, leadership qualities, and modern
engineering tools provided by industry sponsored laboratories.

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 CO-PO Mapping(CO1)

Sr. Course PO1 PO PO PO4 PO PO PO PO PO PO10 PO11 PO12

No Outcome 2 3 5 6 7 8 9

1 CO1 H H H H L L L L L L L M

2 CO2 H H H H L L L L L L M M

3 CO3 H H H H L L L L L L M M

4 CO4 H H H H L L L L L L L M

5 CO5 H H H H L L L L L L M M

*L= Low *M= Medium *H= High

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 CO-PSO Mapping(CO2)

CO PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4

CO.1 H L M L

CO.2 L M L M
M M M M
CO.3

CO.4 H M M M

CO.5 H M M M

*L= Low *M= Medium *H= High

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 Program Educational Objectives(PEOs)

PEO-1: To have an excellent scientific and engineering breadth so as to

comprehend, analyze, design and provide sustainable solutions for real-
life problems using state-of-the-art technologies.
PEO-2: To have a successful career in industries, to pursue higher
studies or to support entrepreneurial endeavors and to face the global
challenges.
PEO-3: To have an effective communication skills, professional
attitude, ethical values and a desire to learn specific knowledge in
emerging trends, technologies for research, innovation and product
development and contribution to society.
PEO-4: To have life-long learning for up-skilling and re-skilling for
successful professional career as engineer, scientist, entrepreneur and
bureaucrat for betterment of society.

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 Result Analysis

Branch Semester Sections No. of No. %

enrolled Passed Passed
Students Students
CS IV A 67 65 92%

IOT IV A 49 45 91.83%

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 End Semester Question Paper Template

Link:100 Marks Question Paper Template.docx

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 Prerequisite and Recap(CO2)

 Knowledge of Mathematics I ,II and III of B. Tech or equivalent.

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 Brief Introduction about the Subject with Video Links

• In first four modules, we will discuss Statistics.

• In 5th module we will discuss wavelet Transform & aptitude part.
Video Links:
• https://youtu.be/cKakQI_jl3w
• https://youtu.be/bMSYgnrM-zw
• https://youtu.be/mZ-FREAgCyY

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 Unit Content

• Testing a Hypothesis,
• Null hypothesis
• Alternative hypothesis
• Level of significance
• Confidence limits
• p-value
• Test of significance of difference of means:
• Z-test
• t-test
• Chi-square test
• F-test
• ANOVA: One way and Two way
• Statistical Quality Control (SQC)
• Control Charts
• Control Charts for variables (Mean and Range Charts)
• Control Charts for Variables ( p, np and C charts).

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 Unit Objective(CO2)

• The objective of this course is to familiarize the engineers with

Statistical techniques and its applications in real world.
• The concept of hypothesis, ANOVA and quality control by control
charts.

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 Topic objective (CO2)

Test of Hypothesis
• Describe real-life examples to explain the motivation
behind hypothesis

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Test of Hypothesis:
• Some information about a characteristic of the population is known,
we wish to know whether the information can be accepted or
rejected, we choose a random sample and obtain information about
the characteristic, based on this information.
• we conclude whether the available information of the characteristic
of the population can be accepted or rejected. This is called Test of
hypothesis.

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Symbols for Population & Samples:

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Procedure of Test of hypothesis

• State Null hypothesis & Alternate hypothesis
• Define level of significance
• Use suitable test statistics
• Establish critical region (Table value)
• Conclusion

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Null Hypothesis
• A population is given to us and we wish to have information about a
parameter of the Population.
• we start with the assumption that there is no significant difference
between the sample statistic and the corresponding population
parameter or between two sample statistic.
• This assumption there is no significant difference is called a null
hypothesis and is denoted by

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Alternate Hypothesis
A hypothesis that is different from the null hypothesis is called alternate
hypothesis and is denoted by
Single tailed & two tailed test
Consider the following example-
let the null hypothesis is define as-
: The population has an assume value of
mean i.e. .
Then alternate hypothesis can be define as any
of the following-

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

I.

Depending upon the problem we use single tail or two tailed test to
estimate the significance of result. In two tailed test the areas of the
both the tails of the curve representing the sampling distribution are
taken into account whereas in single tail test only the area on left or
right of is taken into account.

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Level of significance
The probability level below which we reject the hypothesis is known as
level of significance. It is denoted by and generally specified before
sample are drawn.
Generally we take or .
Critical value
The value of test statistic which separates the critical region (or
rejection) and acceptance region is called the critical value and it
depends upon
• Level of significance
• Alternate hypothesis ( whether it is two tailed or single tailed)

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Critical Region or rejection region

Critical region is the region in which a sample value is rejected.
Single left tailed test :

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Conclusion
If absolute calculated value of test statistic is less than or equal to its
critical value(table value), we accept the null hypothesis otherwise
reject it.

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Test of hypothesis for large samples and Small samples

Difference between Large and Small sample

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

 Test of hypothesis for large samples(n>30)

The following are the some important applications of test of hypothesis
in case of large samples-
• Test of hypothesis about population mean
• Test of hypothesis about difference between two population mean
Test of hypothesis about population mean
let be the mean of a large random sample of size n drawn from a
normal population with mean and S.D. . To test the hypothesis that
population mean has a specified value the test statistics to be used is
given by

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

For large sample

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Example-1: A random sample of 900 members has a mean 3.4 cm. Can it be
reasonably regarded as a sample from a large population of mean 3.2 cm and S.D.
2.3 cm?(Test at 5% level of significance)

Sol: Given

(Two tailed test)

=0.261
Table value
Conclusion :
So is accepted.
i.e sample comes out from population

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Example-2: An insurance agent has claimed that the avg. age of policy
holders who insure through him is less then the avg. age of all agents
which is 30.5 yrs.
A random sample of 100 policy holders who had insured through him
gave the following age distribution-

Calculate arithmetic mean and standard deviation(S.D.) of this

distribution and test his claim at 5% level of significance.

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Sol:

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

(Single tailed test)

Table value:
Conclusion :
So is rejected.
His claim is right.

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

 Test of hypothesis about difference between two population

mean
Let be the mean of a sample of size from a population with mean
and variance . Let be the mean of a sample of size from a
population with mean and variance . To test whether the two
population means are equal or not, the test statistic to be used as-

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Note :
• When then
If is unknown and then

• If are unknown & then

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Example: The average income of persons was Rs 210 with S.D. of Rs

10 in a sample of 100 people of a city. For another sample of 150
persons the avg. income was Rs 220 with S.D. of Rs 12. Test whether
there is any significance difference between the avg. income of the
localities.( Test at 5% level of significance)
Sol:
Given

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Table value
Conclusion :
So is rejected.
Yes there is a significance difference the avg. income of localities.

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 P-value (CO2)

P-Value (Observed Significance Level):

It’s the measure of the inconsistency between the hypothesized value
for a population parameter and the observed sample statistic.
Using the P-Value
• Reject if
• Fail to Reject if
For a One-Tailed Test:
• Reject if the -value is less than the significance level .
• Accept otherwise.
For a Two-Tailed Test:
• Reject if the -value is less than of the significance level . i.e.
• Accept otherwise.

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 P-value (CO2)

Example-1 A manufacturing process produces TV. tubes with an

average life and . A new process is thought to give tubes a higher
average life. And out of a sample of 100 tubes we find that they
have an average life . Is the new process really any better than the
old?
Solution:

(Single tailed test)

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 P-value (CO2)

Here we reject
Since

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Confidence Interval
We would like to determine an interval in which the population
parameter is supposed to lie.
95% two sided C.L for is
99% two sided C.L for is
Example: A random sample of 200 measurements from a large
population gave a mean value of 50 and S.D. of 9. Determine 95%
confidence interval for mean of population.
Sol: CI for

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

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 Test of Hypothesis (CO2)

Test of hypothesis for small samples (

• t-test
• F-test
Test of hypothesis for Small Samples
When the size of the sample , then the sample is called small sample.
For such sample it will not be possible for us to assume that the random
sampling distribution of a statistic is approximately normal. In this
sampling distribution is t-distribution.

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 Daily Quiz(CO2)

1. Write a short note on Null hypothesis?

2. Write a short note on Alternative hypothesis?
3. A sample of 800 students from a university was taken and their
average weight was found to be 112 pounds with S.D. of 20
pounds. Could the mean weight in the population be 120 pounds.
(Take

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 Recap(CO2)

 Test of hypothesis
 Procedure of Test of hypothesis
 Null Hypothesis
 Alternate Hypothesis
 Level of significance
 Test of hypothesis about difference between two population mean
 Test of hypothesis about Small samples

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 Topic objective (CO2)

t-Test
• Explanation why a t distribution is associated with n − 1 degrees of
freedom and describe the information that is conveyed by
the t statistic.
• Calculation the degrees of freedom for a one-sample t test and a
two-independent-sample t test, and locate critical values in
the t table.
• Identify the assumptions for the one-sample t test.
• Identify the assumptions for the two-independent-sample t test.

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 t-Test (CO2)

t-distribution: It is used when sample size is and the population S.D.

is unknown.
Application of t-distribution:
• To test the significance (hypothesis) of the difference between the
mean of small sample and mean of the population
• To test the significance of the difference between the mean of two
small samples.

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 t-Test (CO2)

 To test the significance of the difference between the mean of

small sample and mean of the population:
When population is distributed normally and is unknown then statistic
follows t-distribution with degree of freedom.
where S = Calculated Standard deviation of sample
mean of sample
mean of Population
sample size

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 t-Test (CO2)

Note-If standard deviation of sample is given then

and
From here we get

Example-1: The 9 items of a sample have the following values-

45,47,50,52,48,47,49,53,51

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 t-Test (CO2)

Does the mean of these values differ significantly from the assumed
mean 47.5.(Test at 5% level of significance)
Sol: Here sample is small so we use t-test

Now

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 t-Test (CO2)

(Two tailed test)

t
Degree of freedom=9-1=8
Table value:
Conclusion :
So is accepted.
There is no significant difference between their means.

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 t-Test (CO2)

Example-2: A sample of 20 items has mean 42 units and S.D. 5 units.

Test the hypothesis that it is a random sample from a normal population
with mean 45 units.
(Test at 5% level of significance)
Sol: here

(Two tailed test)

Degree of freedom=20-1=19
Table value:

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 t-Test (CO2)

Conclusion :
So is rejected.
i.e. there is significance difference between sample mean & population
mean.
Example-3: The height of 8 males participating in an athletic
championship are found to be 175,168,165,170,167,160,173 and 168
cm. Can we conclude that the avg. height is greater than 165 cm.( Test
at 5% level of significance)
Sol: Here
168.25

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 t-Test (CO2)

(single tailed test)

t
Degree of freedom=8-1=7
Table value:
Conclusion :
So is rejected.
i.e. avg. height is greater than 165.

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 Daily Quiz(CO2)

1. A sample of 1000 students from a university was taken and their

average weight was found to be 112 pounds with S.D. of 20
pounds. Could the mean weight in the population be 120 pounds.
(Take
2. Write a short note on Null hypothesis?
3. Samples of size 10 and 14 were taken from two normal populations
with S.D. 3.5 and 5.2. The sample means were found to be 20.3 and
18.6. Test whether the means of two populations are the same. If
the tabulated value is 2.0739 at 5% level.

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 t-Test (CO2)

To test the significance of the difference between the mean of two

small samples.
Let two independent sample of size and be drawn from two normal
population with mean and and equal S.D.but unknown. To test whether
the two population mean are equal or whether the difference is
significant we use t-test and the appropriate test statistic to be used is
with degree of freedom.

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 t-Test (CO2)

Note:
• if the samples S.D. and are given then we have
So
• if and are not given
Then

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 t-Test (CO2)

Example-1 Samples of sizes 10 and 14 were taken from two normal

populations with S.D. 3.5 and 5.2. The sample means were found to be
20.3 and 18.6. Test that whether the means of two populations are the
same at 5% level.
Sol:
Here

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 t-Test (CO2)

where

Degree of freedom =
Table value:
Conclusion :
So is accepted.
Example-2: The height of 6 randomly sailors 63,65,68,69,71 and 72.
Those of 9 randomly chosen soldiers are 61,62,65,66,69,70,71,72 and
73.

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 t-Test (CO2)

Test whether the sailors are on the avg. taller than soldiers. (Test at 5%
level of significance)
Sol:
Let and be two samples denoting the height of sailors & soldiers.
Here
Now

(Single tailed test)

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 t-Test (CO2)

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 t-Test (CO2)

where

Degree of freedom =
Table value:
Conclusion : table value
So is accepted.
i.e. the sailor are not on avg. taller than soldiers

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 t-Test (CO2)

Confidence limit for population mean

If is the value of at level of significance at degree of freedom
then
For two tailed test
is accepted if table value

⇒
95% confidence limits( 5% level of significance) are
99% confidence limits( 1% level of significance) are

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 t-Test (CO2)

Example: A random sample of size 16 has 53 as mean. The sum

of square of deviation from mean is 150. Find the two sided 95%
confidence interval for population mean.
Sol:
16,

Degree of freedom(df)=16-1=15

95% confidence limits for are

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 Daily Quiz(CO2)

Problem: Intelligent test were given to two groups of boys & girls
Mean S.D. Size
Girl 75 8 60
Boys 73 10 100
Examine if the difference between mean scores is significant? (Take
Ans: is accepted

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 Weekly Assignment(CO2)

1 Intelligent test were given to two groups of boys & girls

Mean S.D. Size
Girl 68 5 60
Boys 85 10 100
Examine if the difference between mean scores is significant? (Take
2. Define Null hypothesis for
i. t test
ii. Z-test

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 Recap(CO2)

 Test of hypothesis
 Procedure of Test of hypothesis
 Null Hypothesis
 Alternate Hypothesis
 Level of significance
 Test of hypothesis about difference between two population mean
 t-Test

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 F-Test (CO2)

Test of hypothesis for small samples (

• t-test
• F-test
Test of hypothesis for Small Samples
When the size of the sample , then the sample is called small sample.
For such sample it will not be possible for us to assume that the random
sampling distribution of a statistic is approximately normal. In this
sampling distribution is F-distribution.

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 F-Test (CO2)

• F-Test: In testing the Significance difference of two means of two

Samples, we assumed that the two Samples came from the Same
Population or population with equal Variance. The object of the F-
test is to discover whether two independent estimates of population
variance differ significantly or whether the two samples may be
regarded as drown from the normal populations having the same
variance.
• Hence before applying the t-test for the Significance of difference of
two means, we have to test for the equality of population variance
by using F-test.
• Let be the Sizes of two Samples with Variances and respectively.

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 F-Test (CO2)

Case I : If & are given and .

Where
Then Test Statistic with degree of freedom is , .
And If then
Test Statistic with degree of freedom is

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 F-Test (CO2)

Case II :If & are not given.

Where and
and are two Samples.
Hence Test Statistic with degree of freedom is , .
Or Test Statistic with degree of freedom is
.
Conclusion: Same as t-test.

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 F-Test (CO2)

Q1.The two random samples reveal the following data:

Sample no. Size Mean Variance
I 16 440 40
II 25 460 42

Test the equality of Population Variance.

Ans. For Checking the equality of Population Variance, we apply F-
test.
Null Hypothesis i.e. there is no significant difference between the
population Variances.
Alternative Hypothesis
Test Statistic: Since are given then

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 F-Test (CO2)

Hence
And =43.75
Since , Now with degree of freedom is i.e.
.
Conclusion: Here the calculate Value of at 5% level of Significance.
Hence is accepted. Therefore population variances are equal.

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 F-Test (CO2)

Example-2: The height of 6 randomly sailors 63,65,68,69,71 and 72.

Those of 9 randomly chosen soldiers are 61,62,65,66,69,70,71,72 and
73. Test the equality of Population Variance. (Test at 5% level of
significance)
Sol:
Let and be two samples denoting the height of sailors & soldiers.
Here
Where and
and are two Samples.

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 F-Test (CO2)

Null Hypothesis i.e. there is no significant difference between the

population Variances.
Alternative Hypothesis

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 F-Test (CO2)

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 F-Test (CO2)

and

Test Statistic
with degree of freedom is
.
Table value:
Conclusion : table value
So is accepted.
i.e. Therefore population variances are equal.

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 Daily Quiz(CO2)

Problem: The random samples were drawn from two normal

populations and the following results were obtained
Sample 1: 16,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,26,27
Sample 2: 19,22,23,25,26,28,29,30,31,32,35,36
Obtain estimates of the variances of populations and test whether
the two populations have the same variances.
(Take )

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 Topic Objective (CO2)

Chi Square Test()

• Distinguish between nonparametric and parametric tests.
• Explanation how the test statistic is computed for a chi-square test.
• Compute the chi-square goodness-of-fit test and interpret the results.
• Identify the assumption and the restriction of expected frequency
size for the chi-square test.
• Compute the chi-square test for independence and interpret the
results.

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

Chi Square Test()

1. Chi-square test of goodness of Fit.
2. Chi-square test of independence of Attributes.

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

Chi Square Test()

• Chi Square test is the test of significance.
• Chi square test is a useful measures of comparing experimentally
obtained result with those expected theoretically and based on
hypothesis.

• It is a mathematical expression, representing the ratio of

experimentally obtained result(O) and theoretically expected
result(E) based on certain hypothesis. It uses data in form of
frequencies.

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

• Chi square test is calculated by dividing the square of overall

deviation in the observed and expected frequencies by expected
frequency.
O=the frequencies observed, E=the frequencies expected= sum of
• If there is no difference between actual and observed frequencies,
the value of Chi- Square is zero.
• If there is difference between actual and observed frequencies, the
value of Chi- Square would be more than zero.
• But the difference in the observed frequencies, may also be due to
the sampling fluctuations and it should be ignored in drawing
interference.

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

Degree of Freedom
• In test, while comparing the calculated value with the table value,
we have to calculate the degree of freedom. The degree of freedom
is calculated from the no of classes. Therefore, the no. of degree of
freedom in a test is equal to the no. of classes minus one.
• If there are two classes, three classes and four classes, the degree of
freedom would be 2-1,3-1 and 4-1, respectively. In a contingency
table, the degree of freedom is calculated in different manner:
d.f.=(r-1)(c-1)
Where r= no. of row in the table,C= no. of column in the table
• Thus in 2×2 contingency table, the degree of freedom is (2-1)(2-
1)=1. Similarly, in a 3×3 contingency table, the degree of freedom is

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

(3-1)(3-1)=4. :Likewise in 3×4 contingency table degree of freedom is

(3-1)(4-1)=6, and so on.
Example:2 Rows × 2 columns

Degree of freedom = (r-1)(c-1)=(2-1)(2-1)=1

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

Application of chi square test

 The chi square are applicable in varied problems in agriculture,
biology engineering and medical sciences.
 To test the goodness of fit.
 To test the independence of attributes.
 To test the detection of linkage.
 To test the homogeneity of independent estimates of the population
variance.

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

Example: The demand for a particular spare part in a factory was

found to vary from day-to-day. In a sample study the following
information was obtained:

Under the null hypothesis, the expected frequencies of the spare part
demanded on each of the six days would be:
(1124+1125+1110+1120+1126+1115)/6=6270/6=1120

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

=0.179

The number of degrees of freedom = 6 –1 = 5 (since we are given 6

frequencies subjected to only one linear constraint: ∑=∑=6720). The
tabulated for 5 d.f.= 11.07
Conclusion: Since calculated value of is less than the tabulated value,
it is not significant and the null hypothesis may accepted at 5% level of
significance. Hence we conclude that the numbers of parts demanded
are same over the 6-day period.

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

Chi square test of Independent of Attributes:

• Let us consider two attributes A and B divides into r classes and B
divided into s classes
• Such a classification in which attributes are divided into more than
two classes is known as manifold classification.

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

Where =: observed frequency for contingency table category in column

i and row j.
=: expected frequency for contingency table category in column i and
row j.
=, (i=1,2,3…r,j=1,2,3…s)
Which is distributed as a with (r-1)(s-1) d.f.
Example :Two sample polls of votes for two candidates A and B for
public office are taken, one from among the resident area of ruler areas.
The results are given in the following table. Examine whether the
nature of area related to the voting preference in elections.

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

Solution : the nature of the area is independent of the voting

preference in the election
Expected frequencies
E(620)=
E(380)=
E(550)=

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

E(450)=
Calculate the statistic
=+++
=10.0891
The tabulated for (2-1)(2-1) d.f.= 3.841
Conclusion: since calculate is much greater than the tabulated value, it
is highly significant and null hypothesis is rejected at 5% of level of
significance. Thue we conclude that nature of area is rejected to
voting preference in the election.

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

Example : What are the expected frequencies of the contingency tables

given below:
Observed frequency:

Expected frequency:

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

Example :To test the effectiveness of inoculation against cholera, the

following table was obtained:

( figures represent the number of persons.)

Use test to defend or refute the statement that the inoculation prevents
attack from cholera.
Solution : the inoculation does not prevents attack from cholera.

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

Expected frequencies

Calculate the statistic

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 Chi Square Test()(CO2)

= =4.8863
The tabulated for (2-1)(2-1) d.f.= 3.841
Conclusion: since calculate is much greater than the tabulated value, it
is highly significant and null hypothesis is rejected at 5% of level of
significance. Hence we defend the statement that inoculation prevents
attack from cholera.

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 Daily Quiz(CO2)

Q1: A sample analysis of examination results of 500 students it

was found that 220 students have failed, 170 have secured a third
class, 90 have secured a second class and the rest, a first class. Do
these figures support the general belief that above categories are
in the ratio 4:3:2:1 respectively?(Test at 5 % level of significance)
Q2: A sample of 400 students of under graduate and 400 students
of post graduate classes was taken to know their opinion about
autonomous colleges.290 of the under graduate and 310 of the
post graduate students favored the autonomous status. Present
these facts in the form of a table and test at 5% level that the
opinion regarding autonomous status of colleges is independent of
the level of classes of students.

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 Recap(CO2)

 Test of hypothesis
 Test of hypothesis about difference between two population mean
 To test the significance of the difference between the mean of two
small samples.
 test

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 Topic objective (CO2)

Analysis of variance(ANOVA)
• Appropriately interpret results of analysis of variance tests.
• Distinguish between one and two factor analysis of variance tests.
• Identify the appropriate hypothesis testing procedure based on type
of outcome variable and number of samples.

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

ANOVA:
• ANOVA is used to determine there is any significant difference
between the mean of three or more independent samples.
• ANOVA is carried out on the basis of ratio between two variances,
this ratio forms the test statistic known as -statistics given by-

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

ANOVA is to split up the total variation as follows:

1. Variance between samples.
2. Variance within samples.

ANOVA classification
3. One way ANOVA: This is used to see the effect of an independent
variable on a given dependent variable.
4. Two way ANOVA: This is used to see the effect of two
independent variable on a given dependent variable.

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

ANOVA TABLE:

Computation of test statistic

F=

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

Q.1 It Is desired to compare three Hospitals with regards to number of

deaths per month. A sample of death records of each hospital and the
number of deaths was given below. From these data suggest a
difference in the no. of the deaths per month among three hospitals.

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

Sol.Null hypothesis :There is no difference in the no. of deaths per

months among three hospitals.
Alternate hypothesis :There is a significant difference in the no. of
death per month among three hospitals.
Level of Significance : We use 5% level of Significance.
Test Statistic : To find the Variance ratio F, we set up an ANOVA tables
as follows:
Sample totals:
∑

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

1. Grand total(T)=+=60
2. Correction factor(C.F)==240

Sum of Squares of Samples:

=++++=59
=++++=86
=++++=135

Total Sum of Squares= ++ - C.F

=59+86+135-240=40

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

Sum of Squares between Samples

=

=
= 10
Sum of squares with in the samples
= Total sum of squares – sum of squares between the samples
= 40-10
=30

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

Degree of freedom for total sum of squares =n-1=15-1=14

Degree of freedom for Hospitals=c-1 = 3-1=2
Degree of freedom for Error =n-c =15-3=12
ANOVA TABLE

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

The tabular value of F at 5 % level of significance with degree of

freedom =2 & :
Conclusion: i. e. is accepted, so the difference is insignificant and we
conclude that the data do not suggest a difference in the no of deaths
per month among the three hospitals.

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

Q.2 A manufacturing company purchased three new machines of

different makes and wishes to determine whether one of them is faster
than the others in producing a certain out put . Five hourly production
figures are observed at random from each machine and the results are
given below:

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

Use ANOVA and determine whether the machines are significantly

Different in their mean speed.(Given at 5% level,F2,12=3.89)
Sol. Null hypothesis H0: Machines are not significantly different in
their mean speed i.e.,.
Alternate hypothesis :Machines are significantly different in their mean
speed.
Level of Significance: We use 5% level of Significance.
Test Statistic: T o find the Variance ratio F, we set up an ANOVA
tables as follows: let us shift the origin at 30 i.e., reduce each
observations by 30.we have

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

Sample totals:
∑0
35

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

1. Grand total(T)=+=30
2. Correction factor(C.F)==0

Sum of Squares of Samples:

=+0+++=126
=++++=315 =++++=69

3. Total Sum of Squares= ++ - C.F

=126+315+69-60=450

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

Sum of Squares between Samples

=
=
= 250
Sum of squares with in the samples
= Total sum of squares – sum of squares between the samples
= 450-250
=200
Degree of freedom for total sum of squares =n-1=15-1=14
Degree of freedom for Machines=c-1 = 3-1=2

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

Degree of freedom for Error =n-c =15-3=12

ANOVA TABLE

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 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)(CO2)

The tabular value of F at 5 % level of significance with degree of

freedom =2 & (given)
Conclusion: so the null hypothesis is rejected and the difference is
significant and we conclude that there is significant difference in the
mean speed of the machines.

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 Two way ANOVA(CO2)

• In two way classification, the data are classified according to two factor
for example- the production of a manufacturing process can be studied
on the basis of workers as well as machines. In two way classification
the following procedure is adopted in the analysis of variance-
B Total
A

Total

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 Two way ANOVA(CO2)

• and
and
• Compute grand total of all observations i.e.

• Correction factor where is total no. of items in all observations.

• Compute raw sum of square
• Total sum of square,
• Sum of square between rows,

here is no. of item in each row.

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 Two way ANOVA(CO2)

• Sum of square between column,

here is no. of item in each row.

• Sum of square of the error,

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 Two way ANOVA(CO2)

• ANOVA Table:
Source of Sum of Degree of Mean sum of squares -ratio
variation squares freedom
Between rows
Between
column
Error

• If we accept Null Hypothesis .

• If we reject Null Hypothesis .

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 Two way ANOVA(CO2)

Example-1: The following table represent the no. of units of a

commodity produced by 3 different workers using 3 different
machines-

Workers

Machines
16 64 40
56 72 56
12 56 28
Test-(i) whether the mean productivity is the same for the different
machines types.
(ii) Whether the three workers differ with regard to mean productivity.

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 Two way ANOVA(CO2)

• &
&
• Compute grand total of all observations ,
• Correction factor
• Compute raw sum of square
• Total sum of square,
• Sum of square between rows,

• Sum of square between column,

• Sum of square of the error,

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 Two way ANOVA(CO2)

• ANOVA Table:
Source Sum of Degree of freedom Mean sum of squares -ratio
of squares
variatio
n
Between
rows
Between
column
Error

• Here
We reject

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 Daily Quiz(CO2)

Q1: Three Variety and of wheat are shown in 5 plots each and the
following yields per acre were obtained-
A B C
8 7 12
10 5 9
7 10 13
14 9 12
11 9 14

Set up a table of analysis of variance and find out whether there is any
significant difference between the mean yields of these varieties.(Test at 5%
level of significance)

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 Recap(CO2)

 Test of hypothesis
 Test of hypothesis about difference between two population mean
 To test the significance of the difference between the mean of two
small samples.
 test
 Anova

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 Topic objective (CO2)

Control Charts
• That process variable can be plotted on a control chart over time.
The objective of the control chart is to find any "special" causes of
variation as well as to reflect the process improvements that have
been made.

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 Statistical Quality Control (CO2)

Statistical Quality Control (SQC)

SQC refers to the use of statistical methods to monitoring &
maintaining the quality of product & services.
Method of SQC:
SQC are applied to two distinct phase of plant operation, they are
1. Process control
2. Product control

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 Statistical Quality Control (CO2)

1. Process control:
• Under the process control, the quality of the product is controlled
while the product are in process of production. It is based on prob.
Theoretically, It is common that when several identical parts are
manufactured some are little large & some are little small but most
will be of same size when the frequency or count of the items by
size is plotted with size on the horizontal scale and count on the
vertical scale a normal curve is obtained. The process control is
secured with the technique of control charts.

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 Statistical Quality Control (CO2)

2. Product control:
• Under the product control, the quality of the product is controlled
while the product is ready for sale and dispatch to the customers.
• The product control is secured with the technique of acceptance
sampling. Acceptance sampling is based on premises that a sample
represent the whole lot from which the sample is drawn.
• In this method samples are taken out & are carefully inspected to
detect defects. On the basis of defect found, the lot is accepted or
rejected. If defect are few, lot is accepted. It is rejected when defect
are more. Thus acceptance sampling is used to take decision
regarding acceptance or rejection a lot without examine the entire
lot.

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 Control Charts (CO2)

Control charts: Control chart is a graphical chart for detecting

unnatural pattern of variation in the production process and
determining the permissible limits of variation. There are 3 horizontal
line in control chart-
1. Control line(CL): it passes through the middle of the chart and
parallel is to the base. It represent the prescribed quality of
product.
2. Upper Control limit(UCL): It is shown in the chart by a dotted
line that passes through the chart above and parallel to the central
line and represent upper limit of tolerance.
3. Lower Control limit(LCL): It is shown in the chart by a dotted
line that passes through the chart below and parallel to the central
line and represent lower limit of tolerance.

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 Control Charts (CO2)

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 Control Charts (CO2)

Control chart for variables- are used to monitor characteristic that

can be measured for e.g- length, weight, diameter, time etc. such charts
are of two types-
1. Mean chart ( chart)
2. Range chart (R chart)

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 Control Charts (CO2)

1. Mean chart ( chart): It is used to monitor the change in mean of

a process.
Construction of chart:
• Compute the mean of each sample.
i.e. (here is no. of sample)
• Compute the mean of sample mean.
i.e.
• Compute the range:
largest valuesmallest value) of
each sample i.e.

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 Control Charts (CO2)

• Compute the mean of sample range

i.e.
• CL
UCL
LCL
where are given in the table and depends upon the sample size.
• If the sample mean of each sample lie with in the UCL and LCL
then process is in control. If it lie outside then process is out of
control.

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 Control Charts (CO2)

2. Range chart( R-chart)- It is used to monitor the dispersion or

variability of the process.
Construction of R-chart-
• Compute the range:
largest valuesmallest value) of
each sample i.e.
• Compute the mean of sample range
i.e.
• CL
UCL
LCL

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 Control Charts (CO2)

where are constant whose value depends upon the sample size and
coming from table.
• If the range of each sample lie with in UCL and LCL then process is
in control. If it lie outside then process is out of control.
Example-1: Construct mean chart ( chart) and range chart( R-chart) for
the following data of 5 samples with each set of 5 items-(conversion
factor for
)

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 Control Charts (CO2)

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 Control Charts (CO2)

Sol:

chart:
similarly

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 Control Charts (CO2)

• CL
UCL here (Given) LCL

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 Control Charts (CO2)

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 Control Charts (CO2)

R-chart:
• CL
UCL
LCL

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 Control Charts (CO2)

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 Daily Quiz(CO2)

Q1.An inspection of 10 samples of size 100 each from 10 lots reveal

the following number of defectives: 16,18,11,18,21,10,20,18,17,21.
Do these indicate that the quality characteristics inspected is under
statistical control.
Ans. Process is in under statistical control

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 Control Charts (CO2)

Control chart for attributes: are used to monitor characteristic that

have discrete values & can be counted. e.g- percentage of defective etc.
such charts are of three types-
1. -chart( fraction/proportion defective chart)
2. -chart(no. of defective chart)/d-chart
3. C-chart( no. of defect per unit chart)

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 Control Charts (CO2)

-chart: is designed to control the percentage or proportion/fraction of

defective per samples.
Construction of -chart:
• Calculate fraction defective for each sample
i.e. Fraction defective

• Calculate avg. fraction defective

i.e.

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 Control Charts (CO2)

• CL
UCL
LCL
where
• If the fraction defective of each sample lie with in the UCL and LCL
then process is in control. If it lie outside then process is out of
control.

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 Control Charts (CO2)

Example-1 The following data refers to visual defects found during the
inspection of the first 10 samples of size 100 each from a lot of two
wheelers manufactured by automobile company:

Construct a control chart for fraction defective. What conclusions you

draw from the control chart?

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 Control Charts (CO2)

Sol: Here no of sample

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 Control Charts (CO2)

Avg. fraction defective

Now CL
UCL
LCL
Here LCL is negative so we take LCL=0.

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 Control Charts (CO2)

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 Control Charts (CO2)

-chart: when the sample size remain constant, - chart is used to control
the actual no. of defective per sample. The construction of -chart is
similar to - chart because in this chart we can directly plot the no. of
defective rather than fraction of defective.
Construction of -chart:
• Calculate avg. fraction defective
i.e.

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 Control Charts (CO2)

• CL
UCL
LCL

where
• If the no. of defectives of each sample lie with in the UCL and LCL
then process is in control. If it lie outside then process is out of
control.

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 Control Charts (CO2)

Example-1: An inspection of 10 samples of size 400 each from 10 lots

reveal the following number of defectives: 17,15,14,26,9,4,19,12,9,15
Calculate the control limits for the number of defective units. Plot on
the graph and state whether the process is under control or not.
Sol: Here no. of samples
Size of sample:

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 Control Charts (CO2)

Avg. fraction defective

CL14
UCL
LCL 5

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 Control Charts (CO2)

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 Control Charts (CO2)

C-chart: is used when the no. of defect per unit are counted. Here C
represent the no. of defects per unit (per item)
Construction of C-chart:
• Calculate
• CL
UCL
LCL

• If the no. of defects with in the UCL and LCL then process is in
control. If it lie outside then process is out of control.

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 Control Charts (CO2)

Example-1 Ten pieces of cloth out of different rolls of equal length

contained the following defects: 1,3,5,0,6,0,9,4,4,3
Draw a control chart for the no. of defects and state whether the process
is in state of statistical control.
Sol:
CL
UCL
LCL
here LCL is negative so LCL=0

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 Control Charts (CO2)

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 Daily Quiz(CO2)

Q1 The no. of defective needles of sewing machines has been given in

the following table on the basis of daily inspection:

Prepare p-chart and state whether the production process is in control.

Ans: Process is not in control.

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 Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL Video Links and
Online Courses Details(CO2)

• Self Made Video Link:

Test of hypothesis
https://youtu.be/h-NtACvrPfQ
Test of hypothesis for large samples-Z-test
https://youtu.be/a8MYgSRknmI
Test of hypothesis for large samples-t test
https://youtu.be/msJXJgrY1t4
F-test
https://youtu.be/argjx9DJdxY
Chi square Test
https://youtu.be/ayaa7_e1cIA

12/13/2024 Faculty Name Jyoti Singh Unit II 164

 Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL Video Links and
Online Courses Details(CO2)

Self Made Video Link:

Statistical quality control & control chart for Variable

https://youtu.be/89bs12h_Cg0
Control chart for attributes
https://youtu.be/q6BwAotTI04

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 Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL Video Links and
Online Courses Details(CO2)

Suggested video link

• Testing of hypothesis
• https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/103106120/LectureNotes/L
ec3_1.pdf

12/13/2024 Faculty Name Jyoti Singh Unit II 166

 Weekly Assignment (CO2)

1.The following table gives the yields of four varieties of wheat grown
in two plots:
Plots Varieties
A B C D
1 200 230 250 300
2 190 270 300 270
3 240 150 145 180

Is there any significant difference in the production of these varieties?

(F value for (8,3)d.f = 4.07 and for (2,6)d.f = 5.14)
Ans. ; Significant
2. The following figures relate to producting in kg. of three varieties
A,B and C of wheat shown in 12 plots :

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A :- 14 16 18
B :- 14 13 15 22
C :- 18 16 19 19 20
Is there any significant difference in the production of these varieties?
(F value for (2,9)d.f = 4.261 )
Ans. ; Significant
3. The number of defects per unit in a Sample of 330 units of a
manufactured product was found as follows

No. of defects 0 1 2 3 4
No. of units 214 92 20 3 1

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 Weekly Assignment (CO2)

(Given as 5% level of significance, the value of for 1 d.f = 3.84).

Ans. ; Significant
4. A milk producer’s union wishes to test whether the preference
pattern of consumers for its product is dependent on income levels. A
random sample of 500 individuals gives the following data:

Income Product
Preferred
Product Product B Product Total
A C
Low 170 30 80 280
Medium 50 25 60 135
High 20 10 55 85
Total 240 65 195 500

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Can you conclude that the preference patterns are independent of

income levels?(Given as 5% level of significance, the value of for 4
d.f = 9.49). Ans. ; Not Significant
5. Ten pieces of cloth out of different rolls of equal length contained the
following number of defects: 1, 3, 5, 0, 6, 0, 9, 4, 4, 3. Draw a control
chart for the number of defects and state whether the process is in a
state of statistical control.
Ans. Process is in under statistical
control

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 MCQ s (CO2)

1. A sample of 20 items has mean 42 units and S.D. 5 units. It is a

random sample from a normal population with mean 45 units. Then in
test of hypothesis we get the following results? For this data at 5%
level of significance.
a) D.f.

b) accepted
c) There is significant difference between the sample mean and
population mean.
2. A random sample of 900 members has mean 3.4cms. If it is
reasonably regarded as a sample from a large population of mean
3.2cms and S.D. 2.3 cms. If the tabulated value for this

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 MCQ s (CO2)

data is 1.96 at 5% level of significance. Then the following results are

true.
a) Use t-test for single mean.
b) Use z-test for single mean.
c) Use z-test for double mean.
d) is accepted.
3.While testing the significance of difference of two sample means in
case of small sample, how is degree of freedom calculated?

a)
b)
c)
d)

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 MCQs (CO2)

4. What type of chart will be used to plot the number of defectives in

the output of any process?
a) chart
b) R chart
c) c chart
d) p chart
5. Consider a hypothesis H0 where µ = 5 against H1 where µ > 5. The
test is?
a) Right tailed
b) Left tailed
c) Center tailed
d) Cross tailed

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 Glossary Questions (CO2)

1. Pick out the correct option from Glossary-

I. z-test
II. F-test
III. t-test
IV. Chi Square test

A. Is used to test the significance for small sample

B. Is used to test the significance for large sample
C. Is also known as variance ratio test
D. Is used to test the independence of attributes

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 Glossary Questions (CO2)

1. Pick out the correct option from Glossary-

I. np-chart
II. p-chart
III. c-chart
IV. Control chart for variables

A. Fraction defective chart

B. No. of defective chart
C. No. of defect chart
D. Mean chart

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 Old Question Papers (CO2)

First Sessional Set-1 (CSE,IT,CS,ECE,IOT).docx

Second Sessional Set-2 (CSE,IT,CS,ECE,IOT).docx
Maths IV PUT.docx
Maths IV final paper_2022.pdf

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 Expected Questions for University Exam (CO2)

1. A random sample of 100 students gave a mean weight of 58 kg with

S.D. of 4 kg. Test the hypothesis that mean weight of the population is
60kg. (Take )
2. A random sample of 1000 workers from south India shows that their
mean wages are Rs.47per week with a S.D. of Rs. 28. A random
sample of 1500 workers from north India a mean wages of Rs. 49 per
week with a S.D. of Rs. 40. Is there any significant between the mean
levels of wages in two places?(Take )
3. The 9 items of a sample have the following values:
45,47,50,52,48,47,49,53,51. Does the mean of these values differ
significantly from the assumed mean 47.5? (Test at 5% level of
significance). (The value of at level of significance for 8 degree of
freedom is 2.31).
4. The height of 6 randomly chosen sailor in inches are 63, 65,68,69,71
and 72. Those of 9 randomly chosen soldiers are 61,
62,65,66,69,70,71,72 and 73. Test at 5% level of significance whether
the sailor are on the averageFaculty
12/13/2024 tallerNamethan soldiers.
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 Expected Questions for University Exam (CO2)

5. Two independent sample of sizes 7 and 6 have the following values:

Sample A: 28 30 32 33 33 29 34
Sample B: 29 30 30 24 27 29
Examine whether the samples have been drawn from normal
populations having the same variance? (Given that the value of
at 5% level of significance for (6,5) d.f. is 4.95 and for (5,6) d.f. is
4.39).
6.Write short notes on following-
i. Null hypothesis and alternate hypothesis
ii. Level of significance
iii. Critical Region
7. A Survey of 240 families with 4 children is given below-

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 Expected Questions for University Exam (CO2)

Use Chi Square test to state whether the male and female birth are
equally possible. The value of for 4 degree of freedom at 5% level of
significance is 9.49.
8. A die is thrown 276 times and the results of these throws are given
below:
No. appeared on the die:1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 40 32 29 59 57 59
Test whether the die is biased or not. (The value of at level of
significance for 5 degree of freedom is 11.09).

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 Recap of unit(CO2)

We discussed the following topics:

 Test of hypothesis
 Test of hypothesis for large samples( Z-test)
 Test of hypothesis for small samples (t-test, F-test)
 Chi square test One way ANOVA
 Statistical Quality Control
 Control charts
 Control charts for variables(mean and range charts)
 Control charts for attributes(P chart, np chart, C chart)

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 References

Text Books
• Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 9thEdition,
John Wiley & Sons, 2006.

• P. G. Hoel, S. C. Port and C. J. Stone, Introduction to Probability

Theory, Universal Book Stall, 2003(Reprint).

• S. Ross: A First Course in Probability, 6th Ed., Pearson Education

India, 2002.

• W. Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory and its

Applications, Vol. 1, 3rd Ed., Wiley, 1968.

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 References

• B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers,

35th Edition, 2000. 2.T.Veerarajan : Engineering Mathematics (for
semester III), Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.

• R.K. Jain and S.R.K. Iyenger: Advance Engineering Mathematics;

Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

• J.N. Kapur: Mathematical Statistics; S. Chand & Sons Company

Limited, New Delhi.

• D.N.Elhance,V. Elhance & B.M. Aggarwal: Fundamentals of

Statistics; Kitab Mahal Distributers, New Delhi.

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 Thank
You

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