Lesson 2:

Concrete Works
Measuring Notes:
Concrete
In general:
1. Concrete shall be measured in cubic meter net in
place.
2. Do not adjust the quantity of concrete for reinforcing steel
and insets which displace concrete.
3. Classify concrete and measure separately in the
following categories:
a. Underpinning
b. Pile caps
c. Isolated footings
d. Continuous footing
e. Retaining walls
f. Grade beams
g. Columns and pedestals
h. Beams
i. Sidewalks
j. Slabs on grade
k. Suspended slabs
l. Floor toppings
m. Stairs and landings
n. Curbs
o. Manholes
p. Equipment bases
q. Roads
r. Other structures not listed
4. If different mixes of concrete are used in any of the
categories listed in item 3, measure each mix
separately.

5. Where columns and walls extend between the floors

of a building, measure these components from the top
of the slab below up to the undersurface of the slab or
beam above.
6. Beams may be measured separately from slabs,
but if they are to be poured monolithically with the
slabs, the quantity of concrete in the beams should
be added to the slab concrete for pricing.
The Different Types of Concrete Used in Construction
are:
Normal Strength Concrete
Plain or Ordinary Concrete
Reinforced Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Precast Concrete
Light – Weight Concrete
ETC.
The Main Composition of Cement
are:
60% - 65% Lime

18% - 25% Silica Aggregates

3% - 8% Alumina 1. Coarse Aggregate
3% - 5% Iron Oxide 2. Fine Aggregates
2% - 5% Magnesia

1% - 5% Sulfur Trioxide
In actual concreting and masonry work, there are several factors
that might affect the accuracy of the estimate. The following are:

1. Inaccurate volume of delivered aggregates which is very

common.

2. Dumping of aggregates.

3. Improper measuring of the aggregates during the mixing

operation.
4. The cement and fine aggregate for grouting concrete
joints are mostly overlooked in the estimating processes.

5. Cement waste due to reckless handling and hauling.

6. The pure cement powder used by mason in plastering

operations to prevent the plaster from sliding downward is
not considered in estimating
Concrete Proportion
Proportioning concrete
mixture is done in two
different ways:
a) Weight Method
b) Volume Method
Estimation of the quantity of the
following structure:
3. Post and Footing
1. Concrete Slab -By Volume Method
-By Area and Linear
By Volume Method Meter Method combined
By Area Method
4. Rectangular Beam and
2. Square Concrete Column / Girder
Rectangular Column -By Volume Method
-By Linear Meter
By Volume Method Method
By Linear Meter Method
PERCENTAGE OF
STEEL
DIRECT
COST
The formula to calculate direct costs is relatively
straightforward. Direct costs are the sum of all expenses
directly attributable to a specific project, task or activity.

Mathematically, it can be represented as:

Direct Costs = Labor Costs + Material Costs + Equipment

Costs + Subcontractor Payments + Other Project-Specific
Costs
INDIRECT
COST
The formula to calculate indirect costs involves summing up
all the expenses that are not directly tied to a specific project
or task but are necessary for the overall operation of the
business. Indirect costs are often expressed as a percentage
of direct costs or as a fixed amount.

The formula can be represented as:

Indirect Cost Percentage = Indirect Cost / Direct Cost

 DIRECT LABOR COST
LABOR COST rate in the philippines
But, for the project estimate
to solve for labor cost is;

Labor cost = material cost x

0.45(labor percentage)
 To compute the amount of cement used for columns:
1. Determine Column Dimensions:
• Measure or find the dimensions of the column, including its
heights, width and depth (or diameter if its circular).

. Calculate the Volume of Concrete for one Column

 4. Cement Weight
• Cement Weight= 0.5m˄3 × 1440 kg/m˄3
=720 kg
5. Number of Bags
• Number of Bags = 720 kg / 50 kg
=14.4 bags

appproximately 15 bags of cement needed for the footings

 EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Suppose you have 4 columns, each with a height of 3 meters. a width
0.5 meters and a depth of 0.5 meters, and you are using a 1:2:3 mix.

1. Volume of the Column

• volume=height×width×depth
• Volume=3m × 0.5m × 0.5m =0.75m˄3

2. Total Concrete Volume

• Total Volume= Volume of one Colume × Number of Columns
• Total Volume= 0.75m˄3 × 4= 3m˄3
3. Cement Volume
• Cement Volume= (1/6) ×3m˄3
=0.5m˄3
3. Calculate Total Concrete Volume:
• if you have multiple columns, multiply the volume of
one column by the number of columns.

4. Determine Cement Content

• Use the concrete mix ratio. For instance, a common mix
ratio is 1:2:3(cement:sand)
• Calculate the cement volume as a fraction of the total
concrete volume. For a 1:2:3 mix, cement is 1 part out of
6.
• Cement Volume = (1/6) × Total Concrete Volume
5. Convert Cement Volume to Weight
• Cement density is approximately 1440 kg/m˄3.
• Cement weight (kg)= Cement Volume (m) × 1440 kg/m˄3

6. Calculate the Number of Cement Bags:

• Cement bags typically weigh 50kg.
• Number of Bags = Cement Weight (kg) / 50 kg
 To compute the cement used in footings.

1. Determine Footing Dimensions:

• Measure or find the dimentions of the footing, including length,
width and depth.

2. Calculate the Volume of Concrete

• Volume (m)˄3 = Length(m) × Width (m) × Depth (m)

3. Determine Total Cocrete Volume

• If there are multiple footings, calculate the total volume by
multiplying the volume of one footing by the number of
footings.
 To compute the cement used in footings.

4. Calculate Cement Volume :

• Use the concrete mix ratio (e.g. 1:2:3)
• Cement volume = (1/6) × Total concrete volume (for a 1:2:3
mix, where 6 is the total number of parts.)
5. Convert Cement Volume to Weiight:
• Density of cementis approximately 440 kg/m˄3.
• Cement Weight (kg) = Cement Volume (m˄3) × 1440 kg/m˄3

6. Calculate the Number of Cement Bags:

• Cement bags usually weigh 50kg.
• Number of bags = Cement Weight (kg) 50 kg.
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Suppose you have 3 footings, each with a length of 2 meters, a width of 1
meter, and a depth of 0.5 meters, using a 1:2:3 mix.

1. Volume of one Footing:

• Volume = Length × Width × Depth
• Volume = 2m × 1m × 0.5 m = 1m˄3

2. Total Concrete Volume:

• Total Volume = Volume of one footing × Number of footings
• Total Volume = 1m˄3 × 3 = 3m˄3
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION:

3. Cement Volume :
• Cement Volume = (1/6) ×3m˄3 = 0.5 m˄3

4. Cement Weight :
• Cement Weight - 0.5m˄3 × 1440 kg/m˄3 =720 kg

5. Numbers of Bags:
• Number of Bags = 720 kg / 50 kg = 14.4 bags

Approximately 15 bags of cement is needed for the footings.

 To compute the cement used in slab.

1. Determine Slab Dimention:

• Measre the length, width, and thickness of the slab.

2. Calculate the Volume of Concrete:

• Volume(m^3)= Length(m) x Width(m) x Thickness(m).

3. Determine the Total Concrete

Volume:
• if you have multiple slabs, calculate the total volume by
multiplying the volume of one slab by the number of
slabs.
 To compute the cement used in
slab.

4. Calculate Cement Volume

• Use the concrete mix ratio (e.g., 1:2:3).

5. Convert Cement Volume to

Weigth:
• Cement density is approximately 1440kg/m^3.
• Cement Weight (kg) = Cement Volume (m^3) x 1440kg/m^3.

6. Calculate the Number of Cement

Bags:
• Cement bags usually weigh 50 kg.
• Number of Bags = Cement Weight (kg)/50 kg.
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION
Suppose you need to pour a slab with a lenght of 10 meters, a
width of 5 meters, and a thickness of 0.15 meters, and you are
using 1:2:3 mix ratio.

1. Volume of Slab:
• Volume = Length x Width x Thickness
• Volume = 10m x 5m x o.15m = 7.5 m^3

2. Cement Volume:
• Cement Volume = (1/6) x 7.5m^3 = 1.25m^3
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION
3. Cement Weight:

• Cement Weight = 1.25m^3 × 1440 kg/m^3= 1,800 kg

4. Number of Bags:

• Number of Bags = 1,800 kg/ 50 kg = 36 bags

Approxiamately you need 36 bags of cement for the slabs

 To compute the amounts of sand and gravel
(aggregate) used in concrete works.

1. Determine the Volume of of Concrete:

• Calculate the total volume of concrete needed for your project.

2. Select a Mix Ratio:

• Identify the concrete mix ratio, such as 1:2:3 (cement, sand and
gravel)
3. Calculate the Total Parts:
• Add the parts of the mix ratio.
• the total parts are:
• 1+2+3 = 6
 To compute the amounts of sand and gravel
(aggregate) used in concrete works.

4. Determine Sand and Gravel Proportions:

• Find the proportions of sand and gravel. in a 1;2:3 mix, sand is 2

parts and gravel is 3 parts.
5. Determine the Volume of Sand and
Gravel:
• Volume of Sand:

• Multiply the volume of one part by 2

• Volume of Sand = Volume of one part x 2
 To compute the amounts of sand and gravel
(aggregate) used in concrete works.
• Volume of Gravel:
• Multiply the volume of one part by 3
• Volume of Gravel = Volume of one part x 3
Example Calculation
For 1 cubic meter of concrete
• Total Parts: 6
• Volume of One Part: 1m^3/6 = 0.167m^3
• :Volume of Sand: 330.167m^3 x 2 = 0.3 m^3

• Volume of Gravel: 0.167m^3 x 3 = 0.500m^3

So, for 1 cubic meter of concrete, you would need approximately 0.333m^3 of
SAND
and ) 0.500 m^3 of GRAVEL.
 To compute the amounts of rebar needed for
concrete works.
1. Determine the Design specifications
• Obtain the structural drawings and specifications that detail the
rebar layout, siza spacing, and type.
2. Calculate the Length of Rebar for Each
Section
• measure the length of rebar required for each
section of the concrete structure.
Horizontal Rebars: In beams, slabs, or walls.
Vertical Rebars: In columns or walls.
Stirrups/links: For beams and columns to tie the main bars
3.together.
Count the Number of Bars
• Determine how many bars are needed for each section based on the spacing a
design requirements.
 To compute the amounts of rebar needed for
concrete works.
4. Compute the Total Length of Rebar
• Horizontal Bars: Multiply the number of bars by the Length of each
bar.
• Vertical Bars: Multiply the number of bars by the length of each
bar
• Stirrups/Links: Count the total number required by the length of each
bar
Example:

• For a beam with 5 horizontal bars, each 6 meters long:

Total Length of horizontal rebar.
• For a column with 8 vertical bars, each 4 meters long:
Total length of vertical rebar
 To compute the amounts of rebar needed for
concrete works.
5. Convert to Weight:
• Rebar is often measured in weight. To convert length to weight, use this
formula = Length x Weight per meter
• Weight
• The weight per meter depends on the diametr of the rebar
• For Example: a standard rebar size of 16mm diameter has a weight of
approximately 1.58 kg per meter. For 30 meters of 16mm rebar:

Weight = 30 x 1.58 = 47.4 kg

Volume Method
 VOLUMES refers to a measurement of three-dimentional
shape that is enclosed by a closed surface
 the standard unit of volume is the cubic meter (m^3).

 To solve for volume we use this formula

Volume = Height x Width x Length
Prepared by:
James Villahermosa
Christopher V. Nonesa
Mark Lawrence A. Reniedo