Chemistry for Engineering CHEM102

LECTURE 7_WS2024
Stoichiometry

Dr. Marwa
Hany
[email protected]
 LECTURE 7- learning outcomes
 Define moles, molar mass and molecular weight
 Calculate the molar mass, number of moles and percent composition of
compounds
 Compare empirical and molecular formulae of compounds

 Balance chemical equations

 Apply stoichiometric calculations

 Identify the limiting reactant

 Calculate the theoretical and experimental percent yield

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 MOLES

1 mole = 6.022 x 1023

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 MOLES

The mass of 1 mole of an element is equal to its atomic mass in

grams

Accordingly:

1 mole 6.02 x 1023 units

1 mole Molar mass in

grams

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 MOLES- Example
The mass of 1 mole of an element is equal to its atomic mass
in grams
• Aluminum (Al) is a metal with a high strength to mass ratio and
high resistance to corrosion. Compute both the number of moles
and the number of atoms in a 10 g sample of aluminum.
Solution
The mass of 1 mole (6.022x1023 atoms) of aluminum is 26.98 g
1 mole 26.98 g
? mole 10.0 g
10.0 x 1/ 26.98 = 0.371 mol Al
1 mole 6.022x1023atoms
0.37 mole Al ? atoms
The no. of atoms in 10.0 g (0.37 mol) of aluminum is
0.371 x 6.022x1023/1 =2.23x1023 atoms
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 MOLES- TRY IT YOUR SELF
• Cobalt Co is metal that is added to steel to improve its resistance
to corrosion. Calculate both the number of moles in a sample of
cobalt containing 5.00x1020 atoms and the mass of the sample.
Solution
1 mole Co-------------------------------------6.022x1023 atoms Co
? mole 5.00x1020 atoms Co
No of mole of Co is = 5.00x1020 x1/6.022x1023 = 8.30x10-4 mole

Since the mass of 1 mole of cobalt is 58.93

1 mole Co 58.93 g
8.30x10-4 mole Co ?g
The mass of Co is = 58.93 x 8.30x10-4/1 = 4.89x10-2 g Co.

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 MOLES- TRY IT YOUR SELF

• A silicon chip used in an integrated circuit of a microcomputer

has a mass of 5.68 mg. How many silicon (Si) atoms are present
in the chip?
Solution
First we have to convert weights to g , so the weight of silicon
chip
is 5.68x10-3 g.
1 mol Si --------------------------------------------28.09 g Si
? Mol 5.68x10-3 g Si.
No of moles of Si is 5.68x10-3 x1/28.09 = 2.02x10-4 mol Si

1mol Si 6.022x1023 atoms

2.02x10-4 mol Si-------------------------------- ? Atoms
The no of silicon atoms is
2.02x10-4 x6.022x1023/1 =Lecture_7_Dr
1.22x10
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20 atoms.
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 MOLAR MASS vs MOLECULAR WEIGHT
The molar mass of a compound is the mass (in grams) of 1 mole of
units ( atoms or molecules)
Molar mass in grams = Atomic mass in amu

The molecular weight of a molecule is the mass of 1 molecule of the

compound
EXAMPLE:
• 1 molecule of CH4 consists of 1 atom of C and 4 atoms of H
• The molecular weight of 1 molecule of methane is 12.01 + (4 x
1.008)
= 16.04 amu

• 1 mole of CH4 consists of 1 mole of C and 4 moles of H

• The Molar mass of 1 mole of methane is 12.01 + (4 x
1.008) = Lecture_7_Dr Marwa Saeed
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 MOLAR MASS- EXAMPLE
A. Calculate the molar mass of the natural dye Juglone.
B. How many moles of Juglone are found in a 1.56x10-2 g
sample of pure dye?

Solution Juglone
(molecular
A. To calculate the molar mass: formula C10H6O3)
Mass of 10 C = 10 x 12.01 g =
120.1g
Mass of 6 H = 6 x 1.008 g = 6.048 g
Mass of 3 O =3 x 16.00 g = 48.00 g
Molar mass of C10H6O3 = 174.1 g.
B. Number of moles of the dye in the stated
found in Walnuts (name in food
mass: industry: Natural Brown 7)
1 mol juglone -------------------------------------174.1 g
x mol ------------------------------------ 1.56x10-2 g juglone
No. of moles of juglone is (1.56x10-2 x 1)/174.1 = 8.96x10-5 mol .
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 MOLAR MASS- EXAMPLE
Calculate the molar mass of calcium carbonate CaCO3 (calcite). For a certain
sample of calcite containing 4.86 moles, what is the mass in grams of this
sample? And what is the mass of ions present.
Solution
The molar mass : Ca(40.08) + C (12.01) + O (3x16 =48) = 100.09 g

1 mol 100.09 g
4.86 mol ?g
The mass in grams of Calcium carbonate is 4.86 x1/100.09 = 486.44 g
CaCO3
of
ToCaCO 3 contains
find the mass of4.86 moles
ions of Ca
present
2+ ions and 4.86 moles of CO -2 carbonate
in this sample, we must realize3 that 4.86
ions.
moles
The mass of 1 mole carbonate ion is C (1x 12.01) + O (3x16.00 =48.00) = 60.01
g
1 mol carbonate ion 60.01 g
4.86 mol ?
The mass of 4.86 moles Carbonate is 4.86 x 60.01/1 = 291.64
g The mass of 4.86 moles calcium is 486.44-291.65= 194.80 g
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 PERCENT COMPOSITION OF COMPOUNDS
The mass percent of the elements is obtained by relating the mass of each
element present in 1 mole of a compound to the total mass of 1 mole of that
compound.
Mass%= Mass of the element x 100
Molar mass
Example: Compute the mass percent of each element in Carvone (C10H14O)
Solution:
Mass of C10 = 10 x 12.01 = 120.01 g
Mass of H14 = 14 x 1.008 = 14.11 g
Mass of O = 1 x 16.00 = 16.00 g
Total Mass of 1 mol (C10H14O) = 120.01 + 14.11 + 16.00 = 150.2g
So the mass percent of each component will be:
Mass percent of C= 120.1/150.2 x 100% = 79.96%
Mass percent of H = 14.11/150.2 x 100% = 9.394%
Mass percent of O = 16.00/150.2 x 100% = 10.65%
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 PERCENT COMPOSITION –TRY IT YOUR SELF
Penicillin antibiotic , has the formula C14H20N2SO4. Compute the mass
percent of each element

Solution
The molar mass of penicillin is computed as follows,
C14: 14 x 12.01 = 168.1 g
H20: 20 x 1.008 = 20.16 g
N2: 2 x 14.01 = 28.02 g
S: 1 x 32.07 = 32.07 g
O4: 4 x 16.00 = 64.00 g
 Total Mass of 1 mol C14H20N2SO4 = 312.4 g , then,
Mass percent of C: 168.1/312.4 x 100% = 53.81%
Mass percent of H: 20.16/312.4 x 100% = 6.543%
Mass percent of N: 28.02/312.4 x 100% = 8.969%
Mass percent of S: 32.07/312.4 x 100% = 10.27%
Mass percent of O: 64.00/312.4 x 100% =
20.49% Lecture_7_Dr Marwa Saeed
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 Empirical Formula vs. Molecular Formula

Empirical Molecular
Formula Formula
 It is the Smallest whole  It is the Exact formula
number ratio of atoms in a of a molecule
compound E.g. H2O2
E.g. HO

It tells you the relative  It tells you how many
ratios of different atoms atoms of each element are
in a compound in a compound

Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n where n is an integer

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 Empirical Formula vs. Molecular Formula

EXAMPLE:

A compound with a Molecular formula: C2H10N2 = (CH5N)2

Then this compound Empirical formula is: CH5N

 If a compound's molecular formula cannot be reduced any more,

then the empirical formula is the same as the molecular
formula
E.g. C2H6O

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Determination of the Empirical / Molecular Formulae

The formula calculated from

percent composition by mass
is always the empirical formula

To calculate the actual,

molecular formula we must
know the approximate molar
mass of the compound in
addition to its empirical
formula

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 Empirical Formula Determination
EXAMPLE:

Mercury forms a compound with chlorine that is 73.9% mercury and

26.1% chlorine by mass. What is the empirical formula?
STRATEGY:

1- Assume we had a 100 gram sample of this compound

The sample then would contain 73.9 grams of mercury and 26.1
grams of chlorine
2- Get the number of moles of each atom
(number of moles= mass/molar mass of each
atom)
For Mercury:
(73.9)g / (200.59)g = 0.368moles
For Chlorine:
(26.1)g / (35.45)g = 0.736mol 1
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 Empirical Formula Determination
EXAMPLE:

Mercury forms a compound with chlorine that is 73.9% mercury and

26.1% chlorine by mass. What is the empirical formula?

STRATEGY:

3- Get the molar ratio between the two elements

0.736 mol Cl: 0.368 mol Hg= (divide by the smaller number
0.368)
= 2 : 1 (we have twice as many moles (i.e. atoms) of Cl as Hg)

The empirical formula would thus be HgCl2

(Remember to list the cation first, then the anion)

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Determination of the Empirical / Molecular Formulae
EXAMPLE:

A white powder was analyzed to contain 43.64% phosphorus

and 56.36% oxygen by mass. The compound has a molar mass of
283.88 g/mol (the mass of 1 mol= 283.88 g). What are the
compound’s empirical and molecular formulae?
STRATEGY:
1- Assume we had a 100 gram sample of this compound
The sample then would contain 43.64 g P and 56.36 g O
2- Get the number of moles of each atom
(number of moles= mass/molar mass of each atom)
For phosphorus: For oxygen:
43.64 / 30.97 = 1.409 mol 56.36 / 16.00 = 3.523 mol
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Determination of the Empirical / Molecular Formulae
EXAMPLE:

A white powder was analyzed to contain 43.64% phosphorus

and 56.36% oxygen by mass. The compound has a molar mass of
283.88 g/mol (the mass of 1 mol= 283.88 g). What are the
compound’s empirical and molecular formulae?
STRATEGY:
3- Get the molar ratio between the two elements
3.523 mol O: 1.409 mol P (divide by the smaller number
1.409)
= 2.5:1
Thus, The empirical formula would be P O2.5

Multiply by a factor to convert to integer subscripts, multiply by 2 =

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P2O5 (empirical formula) Hany 9
Determination of the Empirical / Molecular Formulae
EXAMPLE:
A white powder was analyzed to contain 43.64% phosphorus
and 56.36% oxygen by mass. The compound has a molar mass of
283.88 g/mol (the mass of 1 mol= 283.88 g). What are the
compound’s empirical and molecular formulae?
STRATEGY:
To get the Molecular formula = (Empirical
formula)n

1You should get the mass of empirical formula P2O5 :

Mass of empirical formula = 2x30.97 + 5x16.00 = 141.94 g

2Divide molar mass by empirical formula mass to get

n: Molar mass/empirical formula mass = 283.88/141.94
= 2 The molecular formulaLecture_7_Dr
is (P2OMarwa
5)2 or P4O10
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 Chemical
EXAMPLE:
Equations

Reactants Product
This symbolic expression can be read: “Molecular hydrogen reacts with
molecular
oxygen to yield water
BUT:
To conform with the law of conservation of mass, there must be the same number of
each type of atom on both sides of the arrow; that is, we must have as many atoms after
the reaction ends as we did before it started
Accordingly:

Equation must be balanced by placing the appropriate coefficient (2 in

this case) in
front of H2 and H2O (not the subscripts)

2 H2 + O2
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 Chemical
Equations

Three ways to represent the combustion of Hydrogen

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 Balancing Chemical Equations

Tips for correct balancing of equations:

1- Start to balance elements that appear only ONCE on each side

of the equation; in only one reactant and one product

2- Start to balance by changing the coefficients; the numbers

preceding the formulas but NOT the subscripts; the numbers within
formulas. Changing the subscripts would change the identity of the
substance giving different compounds
E.g. 2NO2  N2O4

3- Check your balanced equation to be sure you have the

same number of each type of atoms on both sides

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 Balancing Chemical Equations
EXAMPLE:
The combustion of the natural gas component ethane (C2H6) in oxygen or air, yields
carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. Write down the balanced equation for the
reaction The unbalanced equation for the reaction is

Balance Hydrogen ( 6 vs. 2)

3
Balance Carbon ( 2 vs.
1)
2 3 C2H6
Balance Oxygen (2 vs.7)
7/2 2 3
Multiply whole equation
by 2
4 6
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 Balancing Chemical Equations
NOW, TRY IT YOUR SELF!
At 1000 °C, ammonia gas (NH3) reacts with oxygen gas to form gaseous nitric
oxide (NO) and water vapor. Write down the balanced equation for the reaction
SOLUTION:
The unbalanced equation for the reaction is

NH3 + O2 NO + H2O
Balance Hydrogen
2NH3 + O2 NO + 3H2O
Balance Nitrogen
2NH3 + O2 2NO +
3H2O
2NH 3 +
Balance 5/2O2
Oxygen 2NO + 3H2O
Multiply whole equation by 2
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
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 Balancing Chemical Equations

TRY IT YOUR SELF!

When aluminum metal is exposed to air, a protective layer of
aluminum oxide (Al2O3) forms on its surface. This layer prevents
further reaction between aluminum and oxygen, and it is the
reason that aluminum beverage cans do not corrode. (In the case of
iron, the rust, or iron(III) oxide, that forms is too porous to protect
the iron metal underneath, so rusting continues.)
Write a balanced equation for the formation of Al2O3

Answer
:
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Lecture_7_Dr Marwa Saeed 27
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The Periodic Table

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 References

R.Chang, Chemistry, 12th edn., chapter 3

Zumdahl, Chemistry, 10th edn., chapter 3

Zumdahl, Chemistry, study guide, 10th edn.,

chapter 3

Relevant websites and internet resources

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