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week 1_ computer history

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paigewildcrii
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© © All Rights Reserved
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You are on page 1/ 31

LIVING IN THE I.T.

ERA
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
 A computer is a device that
accepts information and manipulates it for
some result based on
a program, software, or sequence of
instructions on how the data is to be
processed.

COMPUTER DEFINED.
 Computer is a programmable machine.
 Computer is a machine that manipulates data
according to a list of instructions.
 Computer is any device which aids humans in
performing various kinds of computations.

COMPUTER DEFINED.
 It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well
defined manner.
 It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
 It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of
data.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER
HISTORY OF COMPUTING
Early forms of Calculating.
 A tally stick (or simply tally) was an ancient
memory aid device used to record and
document numbers, quantities and messages.

 Tally sticks first appear as animal bones carved with


notches.

TALLY STICKS
TALLY STICKS
 The history of computer begins with the birth of
abacus which is believed to be the first computer.
 The Chinese invented Abacus around 4,000 years
ago.
 Abacus is still used today.

ABACUS
 It is a wooden rack which has metal rods
with beads mounted on them.
 The beads are moved by the abacus
operator according to some rules to
perform arithmetic calculations.

ABACUS
ABACUS
 It was a manually-operated calculating device which was
invented by John Napier (1550-1617).
 In this calculating tool, he used 9 different ivory strips or
bones marked with numbers to multiply and divide. So,
the tool became known as "Napier's Bones.
 It was also the first machine to use the decimal point.

NAPIER’S BONE
NAPIER’S BONES
 Also known as a slide ruler or a slipstick, is an extremely
complex ruler that functions as an analog computer.
 By sliding various components of the ruler to align with each
other, a slide rule can compute products, roots, logarithms,
and the result of trigonometric functions.
 Until the invention of the pocket calculator in the1960s, the
slide rule was used by virtually every scientist and
mathematician in the world.

SLIDE RULE
 Invented by William Oughtred in
1622.
 Is based on Napier's ideas about
logarithms.
 Used primarily for –
multiplication – division – roots –
logarithms – Trigonometry
 Not normally used for addition or
subtraction.

SLIDE RULE
 Pascaline is also known as Arithmetic Machine or Adding
Machine.
 It was invented between1642 and 1644 by a French
mathematician-philosopher Biaise Pascal.
 It is believed that it was the first mechanical and automatic
calculator.
 Pascal invented this machine to help his father, a tax
accountant. It could only perform addition and subtraction.

PASCALINE
 It was a wooden box with a series of gears and
wheels. When a wheel is rotated one revolution, it
rotates the neighboring wheel.
 A series of windows is given on the top of the wheels
to read the totals.
 • It is too expensive

PASCALINE
PASCALINE
BRIEF HISTORY OF
MODERN COMPUTERS
 He is known as The Father
of “Computing”.
 A mathematician,
mechanical engineer,
inventor, and philosopher.
 He invented Difference
Engine and Analytical
Engine

CHARLES BABBAGE (1791-1871)


DIFFERENCE AND ANALYTICAL
ENGINES
 Augusta Ada King.
 Countess of Lovelace, was an
English mathematician and
writer.
 The first Programmer of the
machine Analytical Engine.
 "The Enchantress of
Numbers."

ADA LOVELACE (1815-1852)


 1st Generation 1940 to 1956 (Vacuum Tubes)
 2nd Generation 1956 to 1963 (Transistors)
 3rd Generation 1964 to 1971 (Integrated Circuits)
 4th Generation 1971 to Present (Microprocessors)
 5th Generation Present and Beyond (Artificial
Intelligence)

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
 Used vacuum tubes for circuitry
and they were often enormous,
taking up entire rooms.
 The first computers generated a
lot of heat.
 UNIVAC and ENIAC computers,
invented by J. Presper Eckert,
became examples of first-
generation computer technology.

1ST GENERATION ( 1940 - 1956 )


The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer
delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census
Bureau in 1951.

1ST GENERATION
 UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Computer
 ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer

UNIVAC AND ENIAC


 Transistors replaced the
vacuum tubes.
 Allowed computers to
become smaller, faster,
cheaper, more energy-
efficient, and more
reliable than their first-
generation predecessors.

2ND GENERATION
(1956 TO 1963)
 The development of the integrated
circuit (IC) was the hallmark of the
third generation of computers.
 Increased the speed and efficiency of
computers.
 IC was developed by Jack Kilby and
Robert Noyce.

3RD GENERATION (1964 TO 1971)


 Keyboard, monitors and interfaces were
introduced.
 Computers became accessible to mass
audience because they were more smaller
and cheaper.

3RD GENERATION (1964 - 1971)


 Birth of the Microprocessor.
 Thousands of integrated circuits
were built onto a single silicon
chip.
 IBM introduced its first personal
computer for the home user, and
in 1984.
 Computers were linked together
that paved the way for Internet.
 Development of GUI, mouse and
handheld devices.

4TH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT )


 Technology based on Artificial
Intelligence.
 Voice recognition, large amount of
storage into a compact and portable
device.
 The goal of fifth-generation computing
is to develop devices that will respond
to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-
organization.

5TH GENERATION (PRESENT AND BEYOND)

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