ReseI

PRACTICAL
 I
arch
I
Congrat
Congratula
tions!
we are down to the last Statistics lesson.
Congratulations
we are down to the last Statistics lesson.
!
So proud of you guys, you have learned so many
mathematical equations prior to RESEARCH.
Are you ready for the FINAL LESSON?
 THE
BASICS

Are you ready for the FINAL LESSON?

 Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis testing is a method of
statistical inference used to decide whether the
data at hand sufficiently support a particular
hypothesis. Hypothesis testing allows us to make
probabilistic statements about population
parameters.
Hypothesis Testing
 Types of Hypothesis Testing

1. T-Test
2. Z-test
3. ANOVA one-way
4. ANOVA two-way

Hypothesis Testing
 Types of Hypothesis Testing

T-Test

Hypothesis Testing
 William Sealy Gosset “Student”
- He invented the T-Test Formula and the T
Distribution.
- He found out that the Z-Test is not useful for the
small sample sizes.
- He published his work under the name of
“STUDENT”, that is why T-Test is also known as
Student T-Test.

T-Test
Hypothesis Testing
T-Test
Hypothesis Testing
 One-Sample Test Unpaired Sample Test Paired Sample Test

There is a difference between a

group and the population

DF = N - 1

Used to test a potency.

|𝑥 − 𝜇 0|
𝑡=
𝑠/√ 𝑁
T-Test
Hypothesis Testing
 One-Sample Test Unpaired Sample Test Paired Sample Test

There is a difference between a There is a difference between

group and the population two groups

DF = N - 1 DF = N1 + N2 - 2

Used to test a potency. Used to test a parallel groups.

|𝑥 − 𝜇 0| 𝑡 = ( 𝑀 1 − 𝑀 2 )
𝑡=
𝑠/√ 𝑁 ( 𝑠 𝑀1 − 𝑀 2 )
T-Test
Hypothesis Testing
 One-Sample Test Unpaired Sample Test Paired Sample Test

There is a difference in a group

There is a difference between a There is a difference between
between two points at two
group and the population two groups
different occasion

DF = N - 1 DF = N1 + N2 - 2 DF = N - 1

Used to test a potency. Used to test a parallel groups. Used to test a parallel groups.

|𝑥 − 𝜇 0| 𝑡 = ( 𝑀 1 − 𝑀 2 ) 𝛿− Δ
𝑡= 𝑡=
𝑠/√ 𝑁 ( 𝑠 𝑀1 − 𝑀 2 ) 𝑠/√ 𝑁
T-Test
Hypothesis Testing
T-Test One-Sample Test
Hypothesis Testing
 A weight reducing program that includes a strict diet and exercise claims on
its online advertisement that it can help an average overweight person lose
10 pounds in three months. Following the program’s method a group of
twelve overweight persons have lost 8.1, 5.7, 11.6, 12.9, 3.8, 5.9, 7.8, 9.1, 7.0,
8.2, 9.3 and 8.0 pounds in three months. Test a 5% level of significance
whether the program’s advertisement is overstating the reality.

T-Test One-Sample Test

Hypothesis Testing
 A weight reducing program that includes a strict diet and exercise claims on
its online advertisement that it can help an average overweight person lose
10 pounds in three months. Following the program’s method a group of
twelve overweight persons have lost 8.1, 5.7, 11.6, 12.9, 3.8, 5.9, 7.8, 9.1, 7.0,
8.2, 9.3 and 8.0 pounds in three months. Test a 5% level of significance
whether the program’s advertisement is overstating the reality.

1. Create hypothesis statement

T-Test One-Sample Test
2. Set the Significance Level
Hypothesis Testing 3. Compute for the t-value
 A weight reducing program that includes a strict diet and exercise claims on
its online advertisement that it can help an average overweight person lose
10 pounds in three months. Following the program’s method a group of
twelve overweight persons have lost 8.1, 5.7, 11.6, 12.9, 3.8, 5.9, 7.8, 9.1, 7.0,
8.2, 9.3 and 8.0 pounds in three months. Test a 5% level of significance
whether the program’s advertisement is overstating the reality.
Find the mean of the following
data. X = 8.11

1. Create hypothesis statement

T-Test One-Sample Test
2. Set the Significance Level
Hypothesis Testing 3. Compute for the t-value
 A weight reducing program that includes a strict diet and exercise claims on
its online advertisement that it can help an average overweight person lose
10 pounds in three months. Following the program’s method a group of
twelve overweight persons have lost 8.1, 5.7, 11.6, 12.9, 3.8, 5.9, 7.8, 9.1, 7.0,
8.2, 9.3 and 8.0 pounds in three months. Test a 5% level of significance
whether the program’s advertisement is overstating the reality.

The original average being

claimed. Mu = 10

1. Create hypothesis statement

T-Test One-Sample Test
2. Set the Significance Level
Hypothesis Testing 3. Compute for the t-value
 A weight reducing program that includes a strict diet and exercise claims on
its online advertisement that it can help an average overweight person lose
10 pounds in three months. Following the program’s method a group of
twelve overweight persons have lost 8.1, 5.7, 11.6, 12.9, 3.8, 5.9, 7.8, 9.1, 7.0,
8.2, 9.3 and 8.0 pounds in three months. Test a 5% level of significance
whether the program’s advertisement is overstating the reality.

Solve for the Standard

Deviation of the following
given data

1. Create hypothesis statement

T-Test One-Sample Test
2. Set the Significance Level
Hypothesis Testing 3. Compute for the t-value
 A weight reducing program that includes a strict diet and exercise claims on its online advertisement that it
can help an average overweight person lose 10 pounds in three months. Following the program’s method a
group of twelve overweight persons have lost 8.1, 5.7, 11.6, 12.9, 3.8, 5.9, 7.8, 9.1, 7.0, 8.2, 9.3 and 8.0
pounds in three months. Test a 5% level of significance whether the program’s advertisement is overstating
the reality.

𝑡=
− 1.89
2.53/ 3.46 𝑡=−2.58
|8.11 − 10| − 1.89
𝑡= 𝑡= Test the inferential
2.53 / √ 12 0 .732

1. Create hypothesis statement

T-Test One-Sample Test
2. Set the Significance Level
Hypothesis Testing 3. Compute for the t-value
T-Test One-Sample Test
Hypothesis Testing
 Activity 1: Based on field experiments, a new variety green gram is
expected to given an yield of 12.0quintals per hectare. The variety was
tested on 10 randomly selected farmers fields. The yield (
quintals/hectare) were recorded as
14.3,12.6,13.7,10.9,13.7,12.0,11.4,12.0,12.6,13.1. Do the results
conform the expectation?

Activity 2: Your company wants to improve sales. Past sales data

indicate that the average sale was $100 per transaction. After training
your sales force, recent sales data (taken from a sample of 25
salesmen) indicates an average sale of $130, with a standard deviation
of $15. Did the training work? Test your hypothesis at a 5% alpha level.

T-Test One-Sample Test

Hypothesis Testing
 One-Sample Test Unpaired Sample Test Paired Sample Test

There is a difference in a group

There is a difference between a There is a difference between
between two points at two
group and the population two groups
different occasion

DF = N - 1 DF = N1 + N2 - 2 DF = N - 1

Used to test a potency. Used to test a parallel groups. Used to test a parallel groups.

|𝑥 − 𝜇 0| 𝑡 = ( 𝑀 1 − 𝑀 2 ) 𝛿− Δ
𝑡= 𝑡=
𝑠/√ 𝑁 ( 𝑠 𝑀1 − 𝑀 2 ) 𝑠/√ 𝑁
T-Test
Hypothesis Testing
 The office of the student affairs would like to know if the students who
experienced guidance counseling are living happier student life than
those who do not visit OSA. The OSA ask 20 students to self-rate how
happy they are. From 1 to 10, 10 being the highest.
X1 X2
With Without
Counseling Counseling
7 5
8 4
10 7
8 6
7 7
6 5
4 3
7 4
8 4
Unpaired Sample Test
T-Test 9 5
Hypothesis Testing
 X1 X2
With Without
Counseling Counseling
1. Create hypothesis statement
7 5 2. Set the Significance Level
8 4 3. Create a Mean Table
10 7 4. Compute for the Sum of Square
8 6 5. Compute for the Standard Error
7 7 6. Compute for the T Stat
6 5
4 3
7 4
8 4
9 5

Unpaired Sample Test

T-Test
Hypothesis Testing
 X1 X2
With Without
Counseling Counseling
7 5
8 4
10 7
8 6
7 7
6 5
4 3
7 4
8 4
9 5

1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Sum of Square

Unpaired Sample Test
T-Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the Standard Error
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Mean Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 X1 X2
With Without The office of the student affairs would like to know if the
Counseling Counseling students who experienced guidance counseling are living
7 5 happier student life than those who do not visit OSA. The OSA
8 4 ask 20 students to self-rate how happy they are. From 1 to 10,
10 7 10 being the highest.
8 6
7 7 Ho: The students who experienced counseling is the same as the
6 5 students who do not seek guidance counseling.
4 3
7 4
8 4 Ha: The students who experienced counseling is not the same
9 5 with the students who do not seek guidance counseling.

1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Sum of Square

Unpaired Sample Test
T-Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the Standard Error
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Mean Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 X1 X2
With Without
Counseling Counseling
7 5
8 4
10 7
8 6
7 7
6 5
4 3
7 4
8 4
9 5

1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Sum of Square

Unpaired Sample Test
T-Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the Standard Error
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Mean Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 X1 X2 X1 X2
With Without
Counseling Counseling 7 5
8 4
7 5
10 7
8 4
8 6
10 7
7 7
8 6
6 5
7 7
4 3
6 5
7 4
4 3
8 4
7 4
9 5
8 4
9 5

1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Sum of Square

Unpaired Sample Test
T-Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the Standard Error
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Mean Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 7
X1
5
X2

49 25
2
𝑆=
∑ 𝑥
2
1
−𝑀
2
𝑆=
∑2𝑥
2
2
−𝑀
2
1 1
8
10
4
7
64
100
16
49
𝑁1 2
𝑁2 2

8 6 64 36
2 572 2 266
𝑆= −7.4 0 2 2
7 7
𝑆= −5 0
49 49
6 5 1
4 3
36
16
25
9
10 2
10
2
𝑆 =57.2−54.76 2
7 4 49 16
8
9
4
5
64
81
16
25 1
2
𝑆 =26.6−25
2
2
74
7.4
50
5
572 266
𝑆 =2.44
1 𝑆 =1.6
2
1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Sum of Square
Unpaired Sample Test
T-Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the Standard Error
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Mean Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 2 2
𝑆 =2.44
𝑆 =1.6 𝑁 + 𝑁
√(
X1 X2
1 2
)( )
2 2
7 5 49 25 𝑁 1 𝑆1 + 𝑁 2 𝑆2 1 2
8 4 64 16 𝑠 𝑀 1 − 𝑀 2=
𝑁1+ 𝑁 2− 2 𝑁1𝑁2

(√
10 7 100 49

)( )(10)(2.44)+(10)(1.6) 10+10
8 6 64 36
7 7 49 49 𝑠 𝑀 1 − 𝑀 2=
10+10−2 (10)(10)

(√
6 5 36 25

)( )
24.4 +16 20
4 3 16 9
7 4 49 𝑠16 𝑀 1 − 𝑀 2 =
18 100

√ √
8 4

( 𝑠 𝑀) − 𝑀 = 0
64 16
40.4
9 5 81
𝑠 𝑀 1 − 𝑀 2=
25
( 0 .2 )
74
7.4
50
5
572 266

1
𝑠 𝑀 1
−𝑀
𝑠 𝑀 −𝑀 = √ ( 2.24 )(10.2 ) 2
18 2
=0.6
2
1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Sum of Square
Unpaired Sample Test
T-Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the Standard Error
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Mean Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 X1 X2 𝑠 𝑀1 −𝑀 2=0.66999
7 5 49 25
8 4 ( 𝑀 1− 𝑀 2)
64 16 𝑡=
10 7 100 49 ( 𝑠 𝑀1 − 𝑀 2 )
8 6 64 36
7 7 7.4 − 5
49 49
𝑡=
6 5 36 25 0.66999
4 3 16 9
7 4 2.4
49 16
𝑡=
8 4 64 16 0.66999
9 5

𝑡 =3 .58
81 25

74 50 572 266
7.4 5

1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Sum of Square

Unpaired Sample Test
T-Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the Standard Error
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Mean Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 𝑡 =3 .58
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡h𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑝h𝑎

1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Sum of Square

Unpaired Sample Test
T-Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the Standard Error
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Mean Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 Activity 3: The nicotine content (in milligram) of two samples of tabaco
(Marlboro & Fortune) was found to be as follows. Can it said that the two
samples came from the normal distribution? (a=0.05)
X1 X2
24 27
27 30
26 28
21 31
25 22
36

1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Sum of Square

Unpaired Sample Test
T-Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the Standard Error
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Mean Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 One-Sample Test Unpaired Sample Test Paired Sample Test

There is a difference in a group

There is a difference between a There is a difference between
between two points at two
group and the population two groups
different occasion

DF = N - 1 DF = N1 + N2 - 2 DF = N - 1

Used to test a potency. Used to test a parallel groups. Used to test a parallel groups.

|𝑥 − 𝜇 0| 𝑡 = ( 𝑀 1 − 𝑀 2 ) 𝛿− Δ
𝑡= 𝑡=
𝑠/√ 𝑁 ( 𝑠 𝑀1 − 𝑀 2 ) 𝑠/√ 𝑁
T-Test
Hypothesis Testing
 A new formulation of a marketed drug is to be tested for bioavailability
comparing the extent for absorption to the marketed form on six laboratory
animals. Each animals received both formulations in random order on two
different occasions. The significance level is set at 5%.

Animal A B
1 136 166
2 168 184
3 160 193
4 94 105
5 200 198
6 174 197

T-Test Paired Sample Test

Hypothesis Testing
 A new formulation of a marketed drug is to be tested for bioavailability
comparing the extent for absorption to the marketed form on six laboratory
animals. Each animals received both formulations in random order on two
different occasions. The significance level is set at 5%.

Animal A B
1 136 166
2 168 184
3 160 193
4 94 105
5 200 198
6 174 197

1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Ho

T-Test Paired Sample Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the S
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 A new formulation of a marketed drug is to be tested for bioavailability
comparing the extent for absorption to the marketed form on six laboratory
animals. Each animals received both formulations in random order on two
different occasions. The significance level is set at 5%.

Animal A B Ho: The formulation A is equal to

1 136 166 formulation B.
2 168 184
3 160 193 Ho: X1 = X2
4 94 105
5 200 198
6 174 197

1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Ho

T-Test Paired Sample Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the S
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 A B D
136 166
168 184
160 193
94 105
200 198
174 197

1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Ho

T-Test Paired Sample Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the S
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 A
136
B
166
D
-30 -11.5 132.25 Δ =𝜇1 −𝜇 2
168 184 -16 2.5 6.25
160 193 -33 -14.5 210.25 Δ =1− 1
Δ =0
94 105 -11 7.5 56.25
200 198 2 20.5 420.25
174 197 -23 -4.5 20.25
∑=845.5
∑=-111
-18.5

1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Ho

T-Test Paired Sample Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the S
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 A
136
B
166
D
-30 -11.5 132.25
Δ =0
168 184 -16 2.5 6.25

√
160 193 -33 -14.5 210.25 𝛴 𝐷 − 𝐷2
94 105 -11 7.5 56.25 𝑠=
𝑁 −1
200 198 2 20.5 420.25
174 197 -23 -4.5 20.25
∑=845.5
∑=-111
-18.5

1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Ho

T-Test Paired Sample Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the S
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 A B D Δ =0

√ 𝑠=√ 169.1
136 166 -30 -11.5 132.25
2
168 184 -16 2.5 6.25 𝛴 𝐷− 𝐷
160 193 -33 -14.5 210.25 𝑠=
94 105 -11 7.5 56.25 𝑁 −1

√ 𝑠=13.0038
200 198 2 20.5 420.25
174 197 -23 -4.5 20.25
845.5
𝑠=
∑=845.5
∑=-111
-18.5 6 −1

T-Test Paired Sample Test

𝑠=
845.5
5 √
1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Ho
2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the S
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 A B D Δ =0𝑠=13.0038
136 166 -30 -11.5 132.25
168 184 -16 2.5 6.25𝛿− Δ − 18.5
160 193 -33 𝑡=
-14.5 210.25 𝑡=
94 105 -11 7.5 56.25 𝑠/√ 𝑁 5.308
200
174
198
197

∑=-111
2
-23
20.5 420.25
𝑡=
-4.5 20.25
∑=845.5
−18.5 − 0
13.0038/ √ 6 𝑡=−3.485
-18.5 −18.5
𝑡=
13.0038/2.4495

1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Ho

T-Test Paired Sample Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the S
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 𝑡=−3.485
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡h𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑝h𝑎

1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Ho

T-Test Paired Sample Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the S
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Table 6. Compute for the T Stat
 A B D
Activity 4: A certain medicine is 5
administered to each 12 patient. The 2
following data are the difference between 8
the Blood pressures of the patience before -1
and after the administration. Test the 3
significance (a=0.05) 0
-2
1
5
0
4
6
1. Create hypothesis statement 4. Compute for the Ho
T-Test Paired Sample Test 2. Set the Significance Level 5. Compute for the S
Hypothesis Testing 3. Create a Table 6. Compute for the T Stat