Introduction to Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic

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 Course Information

Text/Reference Books
- Timothy J. Ross “Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Application”

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 Course Information

Objective
– To provide a basic understanding of the artificial Neural network, Fuzzy Logic ,
Genetic algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization, Simulated annealing, Ant Colony
optimization

• Pre-requisites
–Calculus

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 Why Fuzzy
• Based on intuition and judgment

• No need for a mathematical model

• Provides a smooth transition between members and

nonmembers

• Relatively simple, fast and adaptive

• Less sensitive to system fluctuations

• Can implement design objectives, difficult to express

mathematically, in linguistic or descriptive rules.

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 Why Fuzzy
• Complex, ill-defined processes difficult for description and
analysis by exact mathematical techniques
• Approximate and inexact nature of the real word;
vague concepts easily dealt with by humans in daily life
• Tolerance of imprecision in return for tractability, robustness,
and short computation time

Thus, we need other technique, as supplementary to

conventional quantitative methods, for manipulation of
vague and uncertain information, and to create systems that
are much closer in spirit to human thinking. Fuzzy logic is a
strong candidate for this purpose.

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 Fuzzy system applications
• Pattern recognition and classification
• Fuzzy clustering
• Image and speech processing
• Fuzzy systems for prediction
• Fuzzy control
• Monitoring
• Diagnosis
• Optimisation and decision making
• Group decision making

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 Some Interesting Applications
• Ride smoothness control

• Camcorder auto-focus and jiggle control

• Braking systems

• Copier quality control

• Rice cooker temperature control

• High performance drives

• Air-conditioning systems
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■ Uncertainty
– When A is a fuzzy set and x is a relevant object,
the proposition “x is a member of A” is not
necessarily either true or false. It may be true
only to some degree, the degree to which x is
actually a member of A.
– For example: the weather today
■ Sunny: If we define any cloud cover of 25% or
less is sunny.
■ This means that a cloud cover of 26% is not
sunny?
■ “Vagueness” should be introduced.

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– The crisp set is defined in such a way as to partition the
individuals in some given universe of discourse into two groups:
members and nonmembers.
■ However, many classification concepts do not exhibit this
characteristic.
■ For example, the set of tall people, expensive cars, or sunny
days.

– A fuzzy set can be defined mathematically by assigning to each

possible individual in the universe of discourse a value
representing its grade of membership in the fuzzy set.
■ For example: a fuzzy set representing our concept of sunny
might assign a degree of membership of 1 to a cloud cover of
0%, 0.8 to a cloud cover of 20%, 0.4 to a cloud cover of 30%, and
0 to a cloud cover of 75%.

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 2. Fuzzy sets: basic types
■ A membership function:
– A characteristic function: the values assigned to the
elements of the universal set fall within a specified range
and indicate the membership grade of these elements in
the set.
– Larger values denote higher degrees of set membership.
■ A set defined by membership functions is a fuzzy set.
■ The most commonly used range of values of membership
functions is the unit interval [0,1].
■ The universal set X is always a crisp set.
■ Notation:
– The membership function of a fuzzy set A is denoted by :

– Alternatively, the function can be denoted by A and has the form

– We use the second notation. 10

2. Fuzzy sets: basic
types

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● Boolean/Crisp set A is a mapping for the elements of S to the
set {0, 1}, i.e., A: S ϵ {0, 1}
●Characteristic function:

{
1 if x is an element of set A
● μA(x) =
0 if x is not an element of set A

• Fuzzy set F is a mapping for the elements of S to the

interval [0, 1], i.e., F: S ϵ [0, 1]
• Characteristic function: 0 ≤ μF(x) ≤ 1
• 1 means full membership, 0 means no membership and
anything in between, e.g., 0.5 is called graded
membership
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 Definition of a fuzzy set
Classical set A in X is
a set of ordered pairs

defined by
indicator
function
Fuzzy set A in X is as
a set of ordered pairs

defined by
membership
function
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One can define the crisp set “circles”
as:

The fuzzy set “circles can be defined

as:

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 Fuzzy Linguistic variables

Examples of fuzzy measures include:

close, heavy, light, big, small, smart, fast, slow, hot,
cold, Tall, Short, ....,
•Fuzzy sets and concepts are commonly used in natural
language

John is tall
Dan is smart
Alex is happy
The class is hot

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 Crisp membership function
Crisp membership functions ( µ) are either one or zero.
• e.g. Numbers greater than 10.

A ={x | x>10}

μA( x )

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 Fuzzy membership function

The set, B, of numbers near to 2 can be represented by a

membership function:

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Fuzzy membership function

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 Linguistic Hedges
●Modifying the meaning of a fuzzy set using
hedges such as very, more or less, slightly, etc.
tal
● Very F = F2 l
● More or less F = F1/2
● etc.
More or less
tall Very tall

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Fuzzy membership function

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Fuzzy membership function

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Fuzzy membership function

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Fuzzy membership function

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Fuzzy membership function

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Fuzzy membership function

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 Fuzzy membership function

The list of MFs introduced here is by no means

exhaustive

Other specialized MFs can be created for specific

applications if necessary

Any type of continuous probability distribution

functions can be used as an MF

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 Fuzzy membership function ?
• Subjective evaluation: The shape of the
functions is defined by specialists
• Ad-hoc: choose a simple function that is
suitable to solve the problem
• Distributions, probabilities: information
extracted from measurements
• Adaptation: testing
• Automatic: algorithms used to define
functions from data

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 Fuzzy Variable

• A fuzzy variable is defined by the quadruple

V = { x, l, u, m}
• X is the variable symbolic name:
temperature
• L is the set of labels: low, medium and high
• U is the universe of discourse
• M are the semantic rules that define the
meaning of each label in L (membership
functions).

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 Fuzzy Variable Example
• X = Temperature
• L = {low, medium, high}
• U = {x∈X | -70o <= x <= +70o}
• M=

low medium high

1.0

0.0

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

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 Fuzzy Variable
• Completude: A variable is complete if
for any x ∈ X there is a fuzzy set such
as μ(x)>0
Complete

1.0

Incomplete
0.0
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

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Fuzzy membership function

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Fuzzy membership function

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 Fuzzy Logic Operations

Fuzzy union operation or fuzzy OR :

Fuzzy intersection operation or fuzzy AND

Complement operation

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Negation:

1.0
Not Tall Tall

5’ 5’6” 6’ 6’6” 7’

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Fuzzy Logic Operations

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