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Lecture # 4 (1)

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Lecture # 4 (1)

Uploaded by

afnanmuh4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Transmission

- Digital to Digital Conversion


Lecture # 4
1 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

A computer network is designed to send


information from one point to another. This
information needs to be converted to either a
digital signal or an analog signal for Transmission.

Topics discussed in this section:


Line Coding
Line Coding Schemes
Block Coding

4.2
Figure 4.1 Line coding and decoding

4.3

4.3
Note

The data rate defines the number of data


elements (bits) sent in 1 s. The unit is
bits per second (bps). The data rate is
sometimes called the bit rate;

4.4
Note

The signal rate is the number of signal


elements sent in Is. The unit is the baud.
The signal rate is sometimes called the
pulse rate, the modulation rate, or the
baud rate.

4.5
Note

One goal in data communications is to


increase the data rate while decreasing
the signal rate. Increasing the data rate
increases the speed of transmission;
decreasing the signal rate decreases the
bandwidth requirement.

4.6
Note
Self-synchronization To correctly interpret the signals
received from the sender, the receiver's bit intervals must
correspond exactly to the sender's bit intervals. If the
receiver clock is faster or slower, the bit intervals are not
matched and the receiver might misinterpret the signals.

4.7
Figure 4.3 Effect of lack of synchronization

4.8
Example 4.2

In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1 percent


faster than the sender clock. How many extra bits per
second does the receiver receive if the data rate is
1 kbps? How many if the data rate is 1 Mbps?
Solution
At 1 kbps, the receiver receives 1001 bps instead of 1000
bps.

At 1 Mbps, the receiver receives 1,001,000 bps instead of


1,000,000 bps.

4.9
Different Conversion Schemes

4.10
Digital to Digital Encoding

4.11
Types of Digital to Digital Encoding

4.12
Note:

Unipolar encoding uses only one


voltage level.

4.13
Unipolar Encoding
• Unipolar Encoding has two forms:
1. Unipolar RZ Encoding
2. Unipolar NRZ Encoding
Unipolar NRZ Encoding

4.15
Unipolar RZ Encoding Scheme
• 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Note:

Polar encoding uses two voltage levels


(positive and negative).

4.17
Types of Polar Encoding

4.18
Note:

In NRZ-L the level of the signal is


dependent upon the state of the bit.

4.19
Note:

In NRZ-I the signal is inverted if a 1 is


encountered.

4.20
NRZ-L and NRZ-I Encoding

4.21
RZ Encoding

4.22
Note:

A good encoded digital signal must


contain a provision for
synchronization.

4.23
Note:

In Manchester encoding, the transition


at the middle of the bit is used for
both synchronization and bit
representation.

4.24
Manchester Encoding ( 1 –ve +0
+ve Transition) (0 –ve + 0 –ve
Transition)
Note:

In differential Manchester encoding,


the transition at the middle of the bit
is used only for synchronization.
The bit representation is defined by
the inversion or noninversion at the
beginning of the bit.

4.26
Manchester and Diff. Manchester Encoding

4.27
Note:

In Manchester Scheme the only


drawback is the signal rate. The signal
rate for Manchester and differential
Manchester is double that for NRZ.

4.28
Note:

A long sequence of Os upsets the synchronization.


If we can find a way to avoid a long sequence of
Os in the original stream, we can use bipolar AMI
for long distances.

4.29
Note:

In bipolar encoding, we use three


levels: positive, zero,
and negative.

4.30
Types of Bipolar Encoding

4.31
Bipolar AMI Encoding

4.32
Note:
Bipolar with 8-zero substitution (B8ZS) is commonly used in North America. In
this technique, eight consecutive zero-level voltages are replaced by the
sequence 000VBOVB. The V in the sequence denotes violation; this is a
nonzero voltage that breaks an AMI rule of encoding. The B in the sequence
denotes bipolar, which means a nonzero level voltage in accordance with the
AMI rule

4.33
B8ZS Encoding

4.34
Figure 4.19 Two cases of B8ZS scrambling technique

4.35
Solution to Example 3

4.36
Note:
High density bipolar 3 zero (HDB3) is commonly used outside of north
America. In this technique, four consecutive zero-level voltages are replaced
with a sequenced with of 000V or B000V.

4.37
HDB3 Encoding

4.38
High density bipolar 3 zero (HDB3)
The two rules can be stated as follows:
1. If the number of nonzero pulses after the last substitution is
odd, the substitution pattern will be 000V, which makes the
total number of nonzero pulses even.
2. If the number of nonzero pulses after the last substitution is
even, the substitution pattern will be B00V, which makes the
total number of nonzero pulses even.

4.39
Figure 4.20 Different situations in HDB3 scrambling technique

4.40
Solution to Example 4

4.41

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