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Eee 1131 M2

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26 views28 pages

Eee 1131 M2

Uploaded by

supanthakrishnadas.03
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EEE 1131: BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Ohm’s Law, VDR, CDR, KCL, KVL

Md. Aman Ullah


Lecturer, CSE, VU

Slide courtesy: Arifa Ferdousi, Assistant Professor, CSE, VU


OHM’S LAW
Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a resistor is
directly proportional to the current i flowing through the
resistor.

at a constant temperature, the


electrical current flowing through a
fixed linear resistance is directly
proportional to the voltage applied
across
Ohms it, and also inversely proportional
Law Relationship
to the resistance.
OHM’S LAW
To find the Voltage, (V)
[V = I x R] V (volts) = I (amps) x R (Ω)
To find the Current, ( I )
[I = V ÷ R] I (amps) = V (volts) ÷ R (Ω)
To find the Resistance, (R)
[R = V ÷ I] R (Ω) = V (volts) ÷ I (amps)
SERIES RESISTORS
Series Circuit,
In Fig. 5.4,Parallel Cir
one terminal of resistor R2 is connected
cuit
to resistor R1 on one side, and the remaining
terminal is connected to resistor R3 on the other
side, resulting in one, and only one, connection
between adjoining resistors. When connected in
this manner, the resistors have established a series
For resistors in series,
connection.
The total resistance of a series
configuration is the sum of theresistance
levels. In equation form for any number
(N) of resistors,
A result ofSERIES RESISTORS
Eq. (5.1) is that the more resistors we add in
series, the greater the resistance, no matter what their
value.

Further, the largest resistor in a series combination will have


the most impact on the total resistance.

For the configuration in Fig. 5.4, the total resistance would


be
SERIES RESISTORS
EXAMPLE 5.1 Determine the total resistance of the series
connection in Fig. 5.6. Note that all the resistors appearing in
this network are standard values.
VOLTAGE
The voltage DIVISION
across IN A SERIES CIRCUIT
series resistive
elements will divide as the
magnitude of the resistance
levels.

In other words, in a series resistive


circuit, the larger the resistance,
the more of the applied voltage it
will capture.
In addition, the ratio of the
voltages across series resistors
will be the same as the ratio of
their resistance levels
Simulate the above example using PSpice
software and find values.
VOLTAGE DIVIVER RULE (VDR)
The voltage divider rule
VOLTAGE DIVIVER RULE
states that
(VDR)
the voltage across a
resistor in a series circuit is
equal to the value of that
resistor times the total
applied voltage divided by
the total resistance of the
series configuration.

Although Eq. (5.10) was


derived using a series
circuit of only two
elements, it can be used for
EXAMPLE VOLTAGE
5.15 For the series circuit
DIVIVER RULE in (VDR)
Fig. 5.37.
a. Without making any calculations, how much larger would
you expect the voltage across R2 to be compared to that
across R1?
b. Find the voltage V1 using only the voltage divider rule.
c. Using the conclusion of part (a), determine the voltage
across R2.
d. Use the voltage divider rule to determine the voltage across
R2, and compare your answer to your conclusion in part (c).
e. How does the sum of V1 and V2 compare to the applied
voltage?
PARALLEL RESISTORS
In general, two elements, branches, or
circuits are in parallel if they have two points
in common.
PARALLEL RESISTORS
CURRENT DIVIDER RULE (CDR)
In general,
For two parallel elements of equal value, the
current will divide equally. For parallel elements
with different values, the smaller the
resistance, the greater the share of input
current. For parallel elements of different
values, the current will split with a ratio equal
to the inverse of their resistor values.
CURRENT DIVIDER RULE (CDR)
CURRENT DIVIDER RULE (CDR)
States that the current through any branch of a parallel resistive network is
equal to the total resistance of the parallel network divided by the resistor of
interest and multiplied by the total current entering the parallel
configuration.
Special Case: Two Parallel Resistors

For two parallel resistors, the current through one is equal to the other resistor
times the total entering current divided by the sum ofthe two resistors.
CURRENT DIVIDER RULE (CDR)
EXAMPLE 6.22 For the parallel network in Fig.
6.42, determine currentI1 using Eq. (6.14).
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LA
The algebraic sum of the Wentering and leaving a junction (or
currents
region) of a network is zero.

The law can also be stated in the following way:

The sum of the currents entering a junction (or region) of a network must equal the sum of the
currents leaving the same junction (or region).

In equation form, the above statement can be written as follows:


KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
EXAMPLE 6.16 Determine currents I3 and I4 in Fig.
6.33 using Kirchhoff’s current law.
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
The algebraic sum of the potential rises and
drops around a closed path (or closed loop)
is zero.
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
EXAMPLE 5.8 Use Kirchhoff’s voltage law to determine the
Unknown voltage for the circuit in Fig. 5.27.

Simulate the above example using Pspice


software and find values.
WHERE ARE PARALLEL CIRCUIT USED
Parallel circuit are used in wiring almost everything in
buildings. You use them to turn on the lights in a room. Use
a blow dryer or to plug anything into an outlet.

A parallel circuit is used when the current through several


components needs to be independent to each other.

Where are series circuit used.


In resistive circuit , when you need the same current in the
whole circuit, you use series circuit because in series circuit
current remains the same.

Series circuits are used in areas where the operation of t he


circuit is required to be linear.
QUIZ
1)If the current in an electrical circuit is
constant, what will happen to the voltage if
the resistance is increased?
A. The voltage will decrease
B. The voltage will increase
C. The voltage will remain the same
D. The voltage will increase proportionally

ANS. D. The voltage will


increase proportionally
QUIZ
2)Calculate the current I3 in the following
circuit.
A. 2A
B. 12A
C. -2A
D. 8A

ANS. D. 8A
QUIZ
3) Current divided in --- circuit and voltage
divided in
--- circuit
A. Parallel circuit, series circuit
B. Series circuit, parallel circuit
C. Series circuit, series circuit
D. Parallel circuit, parallel circuit

ANS. A. Parallel circuit, series circuit


QUIZ
4) For the following circuit, which is true,
R1>R2>R3
A. I1>I2>I3,
B. I1<I2<I3
C. I3<I2<I1
D. I1=I2=I3

ANS. D. I1=I2=I3
QUIZ
5) Current divider rules used in ----circuit
and voltage divider rules used in --- circuit
A. Parallel , Series,
B. Parallel, Parallel
C. Series, Series
D. Series, Parallel

ANS. A. Parallel , Series


HOME WORK
1. Find currents and voltages in the following circuit

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