inbound1918852061177324103

Module 5
How Society is
Organized
Lesson 1
Groups within
Society: Primary
and Secondary
SOCIAL GROUPS
• Two or more people present
• An assembly of people who interact regularly
based on a shared interest. Members also
develop a sense of belongingness that sets
them apart from other clustering of people.
• A groups forms a social relationship that
develops a sense of togetherness.
• Your family can be considered a group because
of your deep relationship and interdependence
with one another.
Other Forms of Groups
•1. Aggregate
•2. Social Category
•3. Collective
Aggregate
• Group of people within the same
time and location but they do
not interact and have no shared
interest that can identify
themselves as a group.
• Example – Passengers of bus,
LRT, or jeep
Social Category
• People
who never interact but share
common characteristics.
• These people never met, do not form a
social structure, and do not share common
traits ( gender, age, race, or religion)
• Example – Master’s Degree holders,
College freshmen, Ilonggo people,
teenagers at the age 13
Collective
• Briefcluster of group of people creating
an interaction.
• Usually, the interactions are
impermanent or short-lived.
• They are driven by their common beliefs
and principles, leading to creating an
action or awareness that is inconstant.
• Ex.
Crowd, masses, the public and social
movement.
Social Organization
• Is seen with interdependent parts
essential in maintaining the collective
behavior of social groups, communities,
and societies.
• Like an organized body system, our

society can also be disrupted if there are
social disorders and disorganization.
Social Organization
• An organization is described with

the presence of the structure,
role, status, and function.
Social Organization
• Structure – described as the
organized formation of the
society with the systematic
social life of the people
• Role – refers to an expected
behavior of an individual in a
particular status
Social Organization
• Status – refers to a recognized
social position within the
society.
• Function – refers to actions as a
result of occupying a status to
maintain the social system
Types of Groups
•Primary group
•Secondary group
Primary Group
• Refers to a small and less-specialized group.
• The members of this group manifest
emotion-based interactions that extend
beyond face-to-face and physical
interaction.
• Members develop intimate and personal
relationship.
• Examples: family, close friends, classmate
and other important people in our lives.
Secondary Group
• Describes a large and more
specialized group.
• The members engage in an
impersonal relationship focusing on
achieving goals in a certain period of
time.
• The group size may vary in this kind
of clustering.
• Formal organizations are also
secondary groups.
LESSON 2
In-Groups and
Out-Groups
In-Groups and Out-Groups
• William Graham Sumner(1840 –

1910), an American sociologist,
coined the term in-group and
out-group.
• These terms tend to describe the
human’s emotional attachment
and feelings to their own and
other social groups.
Sumner’s Description Examples
Typologies
In-group It refers to the • Fan group of K-Pop
artists like BTS, EXO,
group where an and Blackpink
individual feels • Research groupmates
in thesis writing
his/her • Debate council
membership and • Philippine women’s
sense of identity volleyball team
and
belongingness.
Out-group It refers to the • Rival schools like
ADMU and DLSU
group in which a • Military vs terrorist
person feels groups like NPA and
Abu Sayyaf
he/she does not
belong and
Advantages
• 1. The distinction between the groups
can encourage social cohesion.
• 2. In-groups can strengthen social
solidarity and unity.
• 3. The distinction can deepen self-worth
and a sense of responsibility.
• 4. Social roles and social functions are
reinforced with the actions and
obligations.
Disadvantages
• 1. In-group and out-group categorization
can promote racism, sexism, classism,
and other forms of discrimination.
• 2. The distinction of groups can lead to
an impression of in-groups as positive
and out-groups as negative members of
the society.
• 3. Group superiority and dominance can
lead to ethnocentrism.
The Theory of Kapuwa
• Virgilio
Enriquez (1942 – 1994), a Filipino
social psychologist analyzed Filipino
interaction and his Theory of Kapuwa.
• Hepostulated that Filipino possessed a
shared identity(being kapuwa) to others.
• Furthermore, although we are aware of
our interactions and the manner in which
we deal with outsiders (ibang tao), we
should treat these groupings equally
since the inner selves within us are equal.
The Theory of Kapuwa
• Also, his theory posits that Filipino
values emanate from our interactions
with other people. Yet with varying
levels of relationship, we should still
consider other people as kapuwa.
• Values like pakikiramdam, pakikibaka,

lakas ng loob, hiya, others are rooted in
kapuwa as the core value of the Filipino.
LESSON 3
Reference Groups
and Networks
REFERENCE GROUPS
•A group that greatly influences
people attitudes, behavior, and
actions, regardless of whether they
are a member of a particular group
or not.
• Thesegroups can be our reference
when we attempt to assess our
appearance, goals, and ideas.
REFERENCE GROUPS
• Most of the time, we refer to our
family or friends as our membership or
reference group.
• However, we also rely on groups that

we are not part of, but we wish to join
them in the future like social groups,
elite clubs, professional circles.
• Reference
groups are helpful to us
because they help us explain why we
behave and act differently within or
groups.
• Sometimes we accept the norms and

values of a certain group in which we
see ourselves as members of than a
group that we are already part of.
• Referencegroups can also be a
source of comparison from
ourselves.
• Any group can be a reference as

long as we use it as a basis in
judging our beliefs and behavior.
• Negative reference group can also
be used as a reference groups
that we do not want to be part of.
• Forinstance, you have a negative
feeling and impression towards
individuals with tattoos. Then you
do not want to be associated with
this group because of your
impression.
SOCIAL NETWORKS
• Refer to the patterned relationship
that link us beyond our established
and known groups.
• Networks of relationship are not

constant and frequently change as
different people come and go into
our lives.
SOCIAL NETWORKS
• They also refer to the social
structure that exists with the
members of an organization.
• In social network, different
levels of interaction can be seen,
such as casual acquaintance to
close familiar connection.
SOCIAL NETWORKS
• Social
Networks consist if ties
and node.
• Node – refers to a person or
organization that participates
within the network.
• Within these nodes, different
types of connections are seen
and called ties.
SOCIAL NETWORKS
• Ties– these ties are observed in
terms of the strength of the
relationship.
• Weak ties are considered loose
connections like acquaintance.
• Strong ties can have solid
connection like family bonds.
SOCIAL NETWORKS
• Today, the connections within
social networks is strengthened
through the help of technology.
• The emergence of different
social networking sites in an
online platform allows people to
expand their connections.

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Module 5

• Like an organized body system, our

• An organization is described with

• William Graham Sumner(1840 –

• Values like pakikiramdam, pakikibaka,

• However, we also rely on groups that

• Sometimes we accept the norms and

• Any group can be a reference as

• Networks of relationship are not

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