Unit – 3

C#.NET
Outline

 Language Features and Creating .NET

Projects,
 Namespaces Classes and Inheritance –C
 Exploring the Base Class Library
 Debugging and Error Handling – Data Types
 Exploring Assemblies and Namespaces
 String Manipulation
 Files and I/O
 Collections
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Language features
 Boolean Conditions
 Automatic Garbage Collection
 Standard Library
 Assembly Versioning
 Properties and Events
 Delegates and Events Management
 Easy-to-use Generics
 Indexers
 Conditional Compilation
 Simple Multithreading
 LINQ and Lambda Expressions
 Integration with Windows
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Debugging & Error Handling
 An exception/error is a anomalies that arises during the
execution of a program.
 A C# error is a response to an exceptional circumstance
that arises while a program is running, such as an
attempt to divide by zero.
 Exception handling is a built-in mechanism in .NET
framework to detect and handle run time errors.
 If a user (programmer) does not provide a mechanism
to handle these anomalies, the .NET run time
environment provides a default mechanism that
terminates the program execution.
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Exception Handling
 try
 A try block identifies a block of code for which particular
exceptions is activated.
 Catch
 A program catches an exception with an exception handler at
the place in a program where you want to handle the problem.
 finally
 The finally block is used to execute a given set of statements,
whether an exception is thrown or not thrown.
 throw
 A program throws an exception when a problem shows up.

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Syntax
 You can list down
multiple catch
statements to catch
different type of
exceptions in case your
try block raises more
than one exception in
different situations.

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Exception Classes in C#

 The exception classes in C# are mainly

directly or indirectly derived from the
System.Exception class.
 Some of the exception classes derived from
the System.Exception class are the
System.ApplicationException and
System.SystemException classes.

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 The System.ApplicationException class
supports exceptions generated by application
programs.
 Hence the exceptions defined by the
programmers should derive from this class.
 The System.SystemException class is the
base class for all predefined system exception.

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Handling Exceptions

 Exceptions can be handled using try and catch

blocks.
 With the use of these blocks core
programming statements can be distinguished
from error – handling statements.

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using System;
namespace ExceptionHandlingDemo
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int num1, num2, result;
num1 = 12;
num2 = 0;
try
{
result = num1 / num2;

}
catch (DivideByZeroException e)
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception caught: {0}", e);
Console.ReadKey();
}
finally
{

Console.WriteLine("Hello");
Console.ReadKey();
}

}
}
}
C# Delegates

 Similar to pointer in C or C++.

 A delegate is a reference type variable that
holds the reference to a method. The reference
can be changed at runtime.
 Delegates are especially used for
implementing events and the call-back
methods.
 All delegates are implicitly derived from the
System.Delegate class.
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Declaring Delegates

 Delegate declaration determines the methods

that can be referenced by the delegate.
 A delegate can refer to a method, which has
the same signature as that of the delegate.
 E.g.
public delegate int MyDelegate (string s);
 delegate <return type> <delegate-name>
<parameter list> SYNTAX

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 Delegates are invoked using new keyword.

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C# - File I/O

 A fileis a collection of data stored in a disk

with a specific name and a directory path.
 When a file is opened for reading or writing, it
becomes a stream.
STREAM

INPUT STREAM OUTPUT STREAM

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The FileStream Class

 The FileStream class in the System.IO

namespace helps in reading from, writing to and
closing files.
 Syntax
FileStream <object_name> = new
FileStream( <file_name>, <FileMode Enumerator>,
<FileAccess Enumerator>, <FileShare Enumerator>);
 Example
 FileStream F = new FileStream("sample.txt",
FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read);
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FileMode

 Append: It opens an existing file and puts cursor

at the end of file, or creates the file, if the file
does not exist.
 Create: It creates a new file.
 CreateNew: It specifies to the operating system,
that it should create a new file.
 Open: It opens an existing file.
 OpenOrCreate: It specifies to the operating
system that it should open a file if it exists,
otherwise it should create a new file.
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C# - Reading from and Writing to
Text Files
 The StreamReader and StreamWriter classes
are used for reading from and writing data to text
files.
 These classes inherit from the abstract base class
Stream, which supports reading and writing bytes
into a file stream.
 The StreamReader Class
 The StreamReader class also inherits from the
abstract base class TextReader that represents a
reader for reading series of characters.
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Methods of StreamReader Class

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C# - Collections
 Collection classes are specialized classes for data
storage and retrieval.
 These classes provide support for stacks, queues,
lists, and hash tables.
 Collection classes serve various purposes, such as
allocating memory dynamically to elements and
accessing a list of items on the basis of an index etc.
 These classes create collections of objects of the
Object class, which is the base class for all data
types in C#
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Array List

 It represents ordered collection of an object

that can be indexed individually.
 It is basically an alternative to an array.
 However, unlike array you can add and
remove items from a list at a specified
position using an index.
 Array resizes itself automatically.
 It also allows dynamic memory allocation,
adding, searching and sorting items in the list.
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Hash Table

 Ituses a key to access the elements in the

collection.
 A hash table is used when you need to access
elements by using key, and you can identify a
useful key value.
 Each item in the hash table has a key/value
pair.
 The key is used to access the items in the
collection.
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Sorted List
 The SortedList class represents a collection of key-
and-value pairs that are sorted by the keys and are
accessible by key and by index.
 A sorted list is a combination of an array and a hash
table.
 It contains a list of items that can be accessed using a
key or an index.
 If you access items using an index, it is an ArrayList,
and if you access items using a key, it is a Hashtable.
 The collection of items is always sorted by the key
value.
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 THANK YOU

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