#BTCS2400

Operating System

Unit – 5
I/O Management & Disk
Scheduling

Unit- 7 I/O Management & Disk Scheduling (Rashmi rathi Upadhyay) 1

Topics to be covered
 I/O Management
 Principles of I/O Hardware:
• I/O devices
• Device controllers
• Direct memory access
 Secondary-Storage Structure:
• Disk structure
• Disk scheduling algorithm

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 2
Principles of I/O Hardware: I/O device

storage devices (disks, tapes)

Computers operate a great many

transmission devices (network
kinds of devices. Most fit into
cards, modems)
the general categories:

human-interface devices (screen,

keyboard, mouse).

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 3
Principles of I/O Hardware: I/O device
Two types of I/O • block, character
devices

• It is one that stores information in fixed-size

blocks each one with its on address.
• can read blocks independently of one
Block device: another
• Hard disks, CD-ROMs, USB sticks
• 512 bytes to 32,768 bytes

• accepts characters without regard to block

Character device: structure
• Printers, mouse, network interfaces

Not everything fits: • e.g. clocks don’t fit

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 4
Components of I/O devices
 I/O devices have two components
1. Mechanical component - Device itself.
2. Electronic Component-
 Known as device controller or adapter .
 The controller card usually has a connector on it, into which a
cable leading to the device itself can be plugged

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 5
 Device Controller

Unit- 7 I/O Management & Disk Scheduling (Rashmi rathi Upadhyay) 6

Device Controller
 Electronic component which controls the device.
 It may handle multiple devices.
 There may be more than one controller per mechanical
component (example: hard drive).
 Controller's tasks are:
• It converts serial bit stream to block of bytes
• Perform error correction if necessary
• Block of bytes is first assembled bit by bit in buffer inside the
controller
• After verification, the block has been declared to be error free, and then it
can be copied to main memory

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 7
Device Controller
 Each device controller has a few registers that are used for
communicating with the CPU.
 By writing into these registers, the OS can command the device to
deliver data, accept data, switch itself on or off, or perform some
action.
 By reading from these registers OS can learn what the device’s
status is, whether it is prepared to accept a new command and so
on.
 There are two ways to communicate with control registers and the
device buffers:
1. I/O Port
2. Memory mapped I/O

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 8
Disk Architecture
 Platter → Surface → Track → Sector → Data .
8*2*256*512*512KB
2(3)*2(1)*2(8)*2(9)*2(9)2(10)
2(40)
1TB

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 9
Disks
 It is relatively permanent and can hold large quantities of data. Its
access time is slow compared with that of main memory and
magnetic disk. provide the bulk of secondary storage for modern
computer system.
 disk platter: has a flat circular shape, like a CD. The two surfaces of
a platter are covered with a magnetic material. We store
information by recording it magnetically on the platters.
 The surface of a platter is logically divided into circular tracks
which are subdivided into sectors. The set of tracks that are at one
arm position makes up a cylinder.

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 10
Disk Access time
 Seek time – the time taken by r/w head to reach desired track.
 Rotation time – the time for one full rotation (360◦).

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 11
Direct Memory Access
 CPU could request data one byte at a time from I/O controller,
Big waste of time. So other schema can be used DMA.
 DMA controller can access system bus independent of CPU. DMA
contains serval registers that can be written and read by CPU.
 Memory address register
 Byte count register
 Control registers-I/O port, direction of transfer, transfer
units (byte/word), number of bytes to transfer in a burst.

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 12
How Disk read occurs when DMA is not used??

 First the controller reads the block (one or more sectors) from the
drive serially, bit by bit, until the entire block is in the controller’s
internal buffer.
 Next, it computes the checksum to verify that no read errors
have occurred. Then the controller causes an interrupt.
 When the operating system starts running, it can read the disk
block from the controller’s buffer a byte or a word at a time by
executing a loop, with each iteration reading one byte or word
from a controller device register and storing it in main memory.

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 13
 How Disk read occurs when DMA is not used??

Unit- 7 I/O Management & Disk Scheduling (Rashmi rathi Upadhyay) 14

How does DMA work?

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 15
How does DMA work?
 Step 1: First the CPU programs the DMA controller by setting its
registers so it knows what to transfer where.
 It also issues a command to the disk controller telling it to read
data from the disk into its internal buffer and verify the checksum.
When valid data are in the disk controller’s buffer, DMA can begin.
 Step 2: The DMA controller initiates the transfer by issuing a read
request over the bus to the disk controller.
 This read request looks like any other read request, and the disk
controller does not know (or care) whether it came from the CPU
or from a DMA controller.

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 16
How does DMA work?
 Typically, the memory address to write to is on the bus’ address
lines, so when the disk controller fetches the next word from its
internal buffer, it knows where to write it.
 Step 3: The write to memory is another standard bus cycle.
 Step 4: When the write is complete, the disk controller sends an
acknowledgement signal to the DMA controller, also over the bus.
 The DMA controller then increments the memory address to use
and decrements the byte count.
 If the byte count is still greater than 0, steps 2 to 4 are repeated
until it reaches 0.

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 17
Disk Arm Scheduling Algorithm
 Various types of disk arm scheduling algorithms are available to
decrease mean seek time.
1. FCFS (First come first serve)
2. SSTF (Shorted seek time first)
3. SCAN
4. C-SCAN
5. LOOK (Elevator)
6. C-LOOK

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 18
Unit- 7 I/O Management & Disk Scheduling (Rashmi rathi Upadhyay) 19
FCFS (First come first serve)
 Here requests are served in the order of their arrival.
0 1 9 12 16 34 36 50
11 1,
36,
1 16,
36 34,
9,
16 12
34
9
12

 Disk movement will be 11, 1, 36, 16, 34, 9 and 12.

 Total cylinder movement: (11-1) + (36-1) + (36-16) + (34-16) + (34-9) + (12-
9) = 111
Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 20
Disk Scheduling Algorithm
Q1 Track no given= 82, 170,43,140,24,16,190
 A disk contains 0-199 tracks
 Current position of r/w head is 50
 Calculate the total no of track movement of your r/w head?
Solution-
FCFS= and SSTF=
SCAN=
C-SCAN
LOOK
C-LOOK

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 21
SSTF (Shortest seek time first)
 We can minimize the disk movement by serving the request closest to the
current position of the head.
0 1 9 12 16 34 36 50
11 1,
36,
12 16,
9 34,
16 9,
12
1
34
36

 Disk movement will be 11, 12, 9, 16, 1, 34, 36.

 Total cylinder movement: (12-11) + (12-9) + (16-9) + (16-1) + (34-1) + (36-34) =
61
Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 22
LOOK(Elevator)
 Keep moving in the same direction until there are no more
outstanding requests pending in that direction, then algorithm
switches the direction.
 After switching the direction the arm will move to handle any
request on the way. Here first go it moves in up direction then
goes in down direction.
 This is also called as elevator algorithm.
 In the elevator algorithm, the software maintains 1 bit: the
current direction bit, which takes the value either UP or DOWN.

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 23
LOOK (Elevator)
0 1 9 12 16 34 36 50
11 1,
36,
12
16,
16 34,
34 9,
12
36
9
1

 Disk movement will be 11, 12, 16, 34, 36, 9, 1.

 Total cylinder movement: (12-11) + (16-12) + (34-16) + (36-34) + (36-9) +
(9-1)=60
Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 24
Disk Scheduling Algorithm
Q1 Track no given= 82, 170,43,140,24,16,190
 A disk contains 0-199 tracks
 Current position of r/w head is 50 direction is towards larger value
of track
 Calculate the total no of track movement of your r/w head?
Solution-
FCFS=642 and SSTF=208
SCAN=
C-SCAN
LOOK
C-LOOK

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 25
C-LOOK
 Keep moving in the same direction until there are no more
outstanding requests pending in that direction, then algorithm
switches direction.
 When switching occurs the arm goes to the lowest numbered
cylinder with pending requests and from there it continues
moving in upward direction again.

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 26
C-LOOK
0 1 9 12 16 34 36 50
11 1,
36,
12
16,
16 34,
34 9,
12
36
1
9

 Disk movement will be 11, 12, 16, 34, 36, 1, 9.

 Total cylinder movement: (12-11) + (16-12) + (34-16) + (36-34) +(36-1)+(9-
1)=68
Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 27
SCAN
 From the current position disk arm starts in up direction and
moves towards the end, serving all the pending requests until
end.
 At that end arm direction is reversed (down) and moves towards
the other end serving the pending requests on the way.

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 28
SCAN
0 1 9 12 16 34 36 50
11 1,
36,
12
16,
16 34,
34 9,
12
36

9 50
1

 Disk movement will be 11, 12, 16, 34, 36, 50, 9, 1.

 Total cylinder movement: (12-11) + (16-12) + (34-16) +(36-34) +(50-36) +
(50-9) + (9-1) = 88
Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 29
C-SCAN
 From the current position disk arm starts in up direction and
moves towards the end, serving request until end.
 At the end the arm direction is reversed (down), and arm directly
goes to other end and again continues moving in upward
direction.

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 30
C-SCAN
0 1 9 12 16 34 36 50
11 1,
12 36,
16,
16 34,
34 9,
12
36

0 50
1
9

 Disk movement will be 11, 12, 16, 34, 36, 50, 0, 1,9.
 Total cylinder movement: (12-11) + (16-12) + (34-16) +(36-34) +(50-36) +
(50-0) + (1-0)+ (9-1) = 98
Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 31
Disk Scheduling Algorithm
Q- Track no given= 55,58,39,18,90,160,150,38,184
 A disk contains 0-199 tracks
 Current position of r/w head is 100 and direction is towards larger
value of track
 Calculate the total no of track movement of your r/w head for
FCFS, SSTF, SCAN,C-SCAN, LOOK AND C-LOOK?

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 32
Disk Scheduling Algorithm
 Solution
FCFS=498
SSTF=248
SCAN= 280
C-SCAN=388
LOOK=250
C-LOOK=322

Unit-
Unit-57 I/O
I/O Management
Management &
& Disk
Disk Scheduling
Scheduling (Rashmi
(Rashmi rathi
rathi Upadhyay)
Upadhyay) 33
Unit- 7 I/O Management & Disk Scheduling (Rashmi rathi Upadhyay) 34