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ch01-introduction

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ch01-introduction

Uploaded by

millionairessaga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cryptography and Network

Security
Overview & Chapter 1

Introduction
Standards Organizations
 National Institute of Standards & Technology
(NIST)
 Internet Society (ISOC)
 International Telecommunication Union
Telecommunication Standardization Sector
(ITU-T)
 International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
Computer Security
• the protection afforded to an automated
information system in order to attain the
applicable objectives of preserving the
integrity, availability and confidentiality of
information system resources (includes
hardware, software, firmware,
information/data, and telecommunications)
Key Security Concepts
Levels of Impact
 can define 3 levels of impact from a security
breach
Low
Moderate
High
Examples of Security Requirements
• confidentiality – student grades
• integrity – patient information
• availability – authentication service
Computer Security Challenges
1. not simple
2. must consider potential attacks
3. involve algorithms and secret info
4. must decide where to deploy mechanisms
5. battle of wits between attacker / admin
6. requires regular monitoring
7. too often an after-thought
8. regarded as impediment to using system
OSI Security Architecture
• ITU-T X.800 “Security Architecture for OSI”
• defines a systematic way of defining and
providing security requirements
• for us it provides a useful, if abstract, overview
of concepts we will study
Aspects of Security
• consider 3 aspects of information security:
– security attack
– security mechanism
– security service
• note terms
– threat – a potential for violation of security
– attack – an assault on system security, a
deliberate attempt to evade security services
Passive Attacks
Active Attacks
Security Service
– enhance security of data processing systems and
information transfers of an organization
– intended to counter security attacks
– using one or more security mechanisms
– often replicates functions normally associated
with physical documents
• which, for example, have signatures, dates; need
protection from disclosure, tampering, or destruction;
be notarized or witnessed; be recorded or licensed
Security Services
• X.800:
“a service provided by a protocol layer of
communicating open systems, which ensures
adequate security of the systems or of data
transfers”

• RFC 2828:
“a processing or communication service provided by
a system to give a specific kind of protection to
system resources”
Security Services (X.800)
• Authentication - assurance that communicating
entity is the one claimed
– have both peer-entity & data origin authentication
• Access Control - prevention of the unauthorized use
of a resource
• Data Confidentiality –protection of data from
unauthorized disclosure
• Data Integrity - assurance that data received is as
sent by an authorized entity
• Non-Repudiation - protection against denial by one
of the parties in a communication
• Availability – resource accessible/usable
Security Mechanism
• feature designed to detect, prevent, or
recover from a security attack
• no single mechanism that will support all
services required
• however one particular element underlies
many of the security mechanisms in use:
– cryptographic techniques
• hence our focus on this topic
Security Mechanisms (X.800)
• specific security mechanisms:
– encipherment, digital signatures, access controls,
data integrity, authentication exchange, traffic
padding, routing control.
• pervasive security mechanisms:
– trusted functionality, event detection, security
audit trails, security recovery.
Model for Network Security
Model for Network Security
 using this model requires us to:
1. design a suitable algorithm for the security
transformation
2. generate the secret information (keys) used by
the algorithm
3. develop methods to distribute and share the
secret information
4. specify a protocol enabling the principals to use
the transformation and secret information for a
security service
Model for Network Access Security
Model for Network Access Security
 using this model requires us to:
1. select appropriate gatekeeper functions to
identify users
2. implement security controls to ensure only
authorised users access designated information
or resources
Summary
• topic roadmap & standards organizations
• security concepts:
– confidentiality, integrity, availability
• X.800 security architecture
• security attacks, services, mechanisms
• models for network (access) security

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