NETWORKING AND

TELECOMMUNICATION

By : Kapil Dev
Acharya
Networking and 1
Telecommunication
 Communication
■ Sending and receiving information between two or more
persons is called communication.
■ Communication is giving, receiving or exchanging ideas,
information, signals or messages through appropriate media

Networking and Telecommunication 2

 Telecommunication
■ A system of transmission of text, image, data and sound in the
form of electronic signals is known as telecommunication.
■ Telecommunication is the transmission of information by
various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical or
other electromagnetic systems.

Networking and Telecommunication 3

 Data communication
■ Data communication system is the collection of hardware, software
and other devices that allows exchanging data, information and
voice between two or more device through a wire or radio wave.
■ For examples: E-mail, Chat etc.

Networking and Telecommunication 4

 Components of Data communication

 Message: It is the information to be delivered.

 Sender: Sender is the person who is sending the message.
 Receiver: Receiver is the person to whom the message is being sent to.
 Medium: It is the medium through which the message is sent.
For example: A Modem.
 Protocol: These are some set of rules which govern data communication.

Networking and Telecommunication 5

 Medium Protocol
• A path through • A set of rules that
which the sender must be followed by
makes sender and receiver
communication to to make
the receiver is communication
known as medium. possible is known as
protocol.

Networking and Telecommunication 6

Modes of Data
Transmission
a)Simplex mode :
■ Simplex mode communication is a mode of communication or data
transmission in which data flows in one direction only.
■ The communication is unidirectional.
■ E.g.: Newspaper and television broadcast.

Networking and Telecommunication 7

Continue
…..
b)Half duplex mode :
■ Half duplex communication is a mode of transmission in which data
can be
transmitted in both directions but only in one direction at a time.
■ It is also referred to as Semi-Duplex. In other words, each station
can both transmit and receive the data but not at the same time.
When one device is sending the other can only receive and vice-
versa.
■ E.g.: Wireless handset and walky-talky.

Networking and Telecommunication 8

Continue
…..
c)Full Duplex Mode:
■ Full duplex communication is a mode of transmission in which data is
transmitted in both the direction simultaneously on the same channel.
■ It is bi-directional in nature.
■ It is two-way communication in which both the stations can transmit
and receive the data simultaneously.
■ E.g.: Telephone, internet chat, etc.

Networking and Telecommunication 9

 Bandwidt
h
■ Bandwidth can be defined as the data handling capacity of a
communication system. It is measured in cycles per second
(cps) and bits per second (bps) in analogue and digital devices
respectively.
■ The maximum volume of data that can be transmitted through
communication is called bandwidth.
■ We can measure bandwidth in digital devices by bits per
second and in analogue devices by cycles per second or
Hertz (Hz).

Networking and Telecommunication 10

Communication or
Transmission Medium
■ Communication or transmission medium is a channel
through which data or signals can be transmitted from
one point to another.
■ Transmission media is a communication channel
means it is a medium for data transmission. In other
words, when two devices want to communicate, at that
time the communication channel they used is called
transmission media.
■ Transmission Medium is used to carry data from the
transmitter to the
receiver.
Networking and Telecommunication 11
Types of communication
Medium
■ Guided or bounded or wired medium
• It is the transmission medium in which data signals flow through specified
path in cable or wires.
• A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and contained by the
physical limits of the medium.
 E.g.: Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable, Fiber optics cable, etc.

■ Unguided medium or unbounded or wireless

• It is the transmission medium in which data/signals flow through the air.
• Unguided medium transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical
conductor.
• Signals are normally broadcast through free space and thus are available to
anyone who has a device capable of receiving them.
 E.g.: radio frequency, microwave, infrared transmission, etc.

Networking and Telecommunication 12

Guided Transmission
Media
Twisted pair cable
■ The type of wires which are made of copper and a pair of wires
are twisted
together is known as twisted pair cable.
■ RJ – 45 is the connector used.
■ A twisted pair cable comprises of two separate insulated
copper wires, which are twisted together and run in parallel.
The copper wires are typically 1mm in diameter. One of the
wires is used to transmit data and the other is the ground
reference.
■ Example: Ethernet cable, telephone

Networking and Telecommunication 13

Continue
…..
Co-axial cable
■ A wire with single ended single reference where the
central conductor carries the data signal.
■ Coax has a central core of stiff copper conductor for
transmitting signals. This is covered by an insulating
material. The insulator is encased by a closely woven
braided metal outer conductor that acts as a shield against
noise. The outer conductor is again enclosed by a plastic
insulating cover.

Networking and Telecommunication 14

Continue
….Fiber optics cable
■ Fiber optics cable is one of the costlier cables used in data
communication which uses light to carry a data signal through the cable.
■ ST and SC are the connectors used in this cables.
■ A fiber optic cable is a network cable that contains strands of glass
fibers inside an
insulated casing.
■ They're designed for long-distance, high-performance data
networking, and telecommunications.

Networking and Telecommunication 15

Unguided Transmission
Media
Radio wave transmission
■ A type of unguided transmission in which the signal is carried over by
carrier wave is known as radio wave transmission.
Microwave transmission
■ Microwave, which is also called line of sight communication, is a wireless
technology that can be used to transmit data between two different networks
or computers.
■ They are electromagnetic waves with a wavelength longer than infrared light
and shorter than radio wave.

Infrared transmission
■ Infrared transmissions are just below visible transmission light which allows
high speed data transmission.
■ It is optical in nature, carried by beams of light invisible to naked eye.

Networking and Telecommunication 16

 Differentiate between Guided and Unguided
media
Guided media Unguided media

It is the transmission media in which data It is the transmission media in which data
signals signal
flows through specified path. flows through air.
Data or a signal sent through it Data or a signal sent through it
propagates in the form of voltage, propagates in the form of
current or photons. electromagnetic waves.
It is mainly suited for point to It is mainly used for broadcasting purposes.
point line configuration.

Example: twisted pair cable, co-axial Example: radio wave, microwave, infrared,
cable, fiber optics, etc. etc

Networking and Telecommunication 17

Differentiate between shielded and
unshielded twisted pair.
Shielded twisted Pair Unshielded twisted pair

It is made up of twisted pair wires with It is made up of twisted pair wires

additional shielded and drain wires. without additional shielded and
drain wires.
D-shell connectors are used with shielded RJ-45 connector is commonly used with
twisted unshielded twisted pair.
pair.
It is costlier than UTP cables. It is cheaper than STP cables.

It has got better noise rejection capacity. It has poor noise rejection capacity.

Networking and Telecommunication 18

Differentiate between radio wave and
microwave communication media.
Radio communication media Microwave communication
media
It is a form of wireless communications It is a form of wireless communication
in which signals are sent through radio in which data signals are sent through
frequency waves. pulses of electromagnetic energy.

It requires antenna for connection. It requires repeater or

amplifier for communication.

It provides low bandwidth for data It provides higher bandwidth

communication. for data communication.

It doesn’t require a line of sight. It requires a line of sight.

Networking and Telecommunication 19

Computer
network
■ Computer network means two or more computers connected with
each other to
share data, hardware, software and other resources.
■ The interconnection of computer through transmission
media in order to communicate and share resources.
■ Networks are usually used to share resources, exchange
files or communicate with
other users.
■ A network is a set of nodes connected by communication
links.

Networking and Telecommunication 20

Advantages and
disadvantages of computer
network
Advantages
Disadvantages
i)Computer in a network can i)Failure of server stops
access network connected application being available.
hardware devices like printer, disk
drives, etc.
ii)Information
can be ii)Network failure causes loss
exchanged rapidly in computer of data.
network.
iii)Network makes user
iii)Computers
in a network works dependent.
environment can be updated from
any computer. iv)System opens to
hackers.
iv)Software
packages can be
shared between network connected
computers.
Networking and Telecommunication 21
Hardware components
Physical parts and devices used to connect computers in
the network environment are called hardware components.

■Computer
System Server
A server is the main computer that provides services, data and other
resources to the other computers in the network environment.
 File server Database
 Printer server
server Network
 Modem server
server
Workstation
Network Interface Unit
 Communication Channel or Transmission
media
 Network Devices
Networking and Telecommunication 22
Types of
Networks
■ On the basis of coverage area, there are three types of
computer network.
a. Local Area Network (LAN)
b. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
c. Wide Area Network (WAN)

Networking and Telecommunication 23

 Local Area Network
(LAN)
■ A LAN is a network of computers that are relatively near to each
other and are connected in a way that enables them to
communicate by using cables and small wireless devices.
■ LAN are usually connected with cables (Coaxial cable or twisted pair
cable).
■ Wireless media are also used for connecting computers on the LAN
which is known as WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)

Features of LAN
i) The diameter is not more than a few km.
ii)LAN offers high bandwidth of 10-100 Mbps.
iii)It is controlled by single organization.

Networking and Telecommunication 24

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
■ A MAN is a network of computer is computers which are spread over a
metropolitan area such as within a city.
■ It is Mid range network i.e. larger than LAN and smaller than WAN.
■ In MAN, cables (especially fiber optic cable) and unbounded
Communication media ( microwave transmission, radio wave, etc) are
used as transmission channels.
Features of MAN
i) It covers a limited geographical area.
ii)It may be owned by single or multiple organizations.
iii)It uses cable or wireless connections.
iv)It uses private or public connection medium.

Networking and Telecommunication 25

 Wide Area Network (WAN)
■ A WAN is a network system of connecting two or more computers
generally across a wide geographical area such as cities, districts, and
countries.
■ A WAN contains many groups of LANs and MANs.
■ It uses telephone line, microwave, radio wave or satellite links to
connect.
■ The internet is the largest WAN.

Features of WAN
i) It covers a large geographical area.
ii)It is owned by multiple organizations.
iii)It uses public connection medium.

Networking and Telecommunication 26

 Network Topology(LAN Topology)

■ The topology is a term used to describe the way In which the end
points or nodes of a network are linked together.
■ It describes the manner in which nodes and network devices on the
network are
connected with cables and how they communicate.
■ The physical layout of cabling for connecting computers and other
network devices on the LAN is known as Network Topology.

Networking and Telecommunication 27

Bus
topology
■ The topology in which computers and other devices are arranged in linear
format is called
bus topology/ linear topology.
■ Coaxial cables of different length are used.
■ Both ends of each segment of coaxial cable BNC(Bayonet Neill–Concelman)
are connected and further connected with T – connectors.
■ Terminators are attached at both the ends of the network bus.

Networking and Telecommunication 28

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 Ring topology
■ The topology in which computers are connected in a closed loop
or a circle /
ring without any end points is called ring topology.
■ Signals are transmitted in one direction i.e. clockwise or
counterclockwise.
■ Generally coaxial cables are used along with BNC
connector and T- connector.

Networking and Telecommunication 31

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 Star topology
■ The topology in which all computers or the network devices are
connected through a
central device in the shape of star structure is called star topology.
■ Twisted pair cables(especially UTP cables) are used.

Networking and Telecommunication 33

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Mesh
topology
■ A mesh topology is a network setup where each computer and
network device is interconnected with one another. In this topology
setup allows for most transmitted to be distributed even if one of the
connections goes down.
■ It is a topology commonly used for wireless networks.
■ Each node is connected with more than one node sepaíately.

Networking and Telecommunication 35

Client/Server network
■ Client/ server network is a type of network architecture that consist of at least one server
and one or more workstations.
■ It is also known as Domain Model.
■ Server computer controls and manages clients and provides resources to the client when
requested.
■Server is also called back-end and client is
front-end. Advantages
■ It is more secured
■ Network administration work is easier.
■ Network can be expanded easily.
■Required application software cab be installed on the
server computer Disadvantages
■ It is more expensive than peer-to-peer and difficult to set
up.
■ A well-trained network administration is required to
manage network.
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Client/Server
network

Networking and Telecommunication 37

Peer-to-peer network
(P2P)
■ A Peer-to-peer network is a type of network architecture in which computers
function both as workstation and server.
■ It is also known as Workgroup Model.
■Each computer has equal right as each computer is
server itself. Advantages
■ It simple and easy to manage.
■ It is easier to setup.
■Each computer can determine resources to
be shared . Disadvantages
■ The expansion of network is limited.
■ It tends to slow down with network load.
■ It has low level security.

Networking and Telecommunication 38

Centralized computing network
■ A centralized computing network is a network in which a central host
computer performs data processing and storage on behalf of clients.

Workstation
■ Workstation is a computer network that utilizes network
resources.
■ It is also known as client computer.

Networking and Telecommunication 39

Differentiate between client/server
network and peer-to-peer network.
client/server network Peer-to-peer network.

It consists of at least one server and one It is a group of computers which

or more client. function both as server and
workstation.
It provides centralized network It lacks centralized network administration
administration.

It provides high security of data and other It provides no reliable security and might
resources. put data
on risk.
It is suitable for large organization It is suitable for small organization and
where data security is required home usage where data and other
securities are not required.

Networking and Telecommunication 40

Network Devices
Route
r A router is an intelligent network device which connects two different
■
networks having same protocol.
■ It keeps data flowing between networks and keeps the networks connected
through the most efficient available route.
■ When router receives data packets, it checks the network address i.e. IP
address of the data packets and determines whether the data packets need
to forward to other network or not.

Networking and Telecommunication 41

Hub
■ A hub is a network device that joins multiple computers and
other devices
through its port.
■ A hub looks like a small rectangular box which has a series of
connecting ports.
■ When a hub receives a packet of data at one of its port
from a PC on a network, it transmits the packets to all the
ports.
■ It is also referred as multi-port repeater.

Networking and Telecommunication 42

Switch
■ A switch is a network device that connects computers, network
devices and LAN segments.
■ A switch, in the context of networking, is a high-speed device
that receives incoming data packets and redirects them to their
destination on a local area network (LAN).
■ It can support all types of packet protocols.

Networking and Telecommunication 43

Bridge
■ A Bridge is a device that joins the segments of a similar (having
same topology) or dissimilar network(having different topology) to
transfer data and information using the same protocol
■ When any node on a segment sends data or message, it checks
the source and the destination of each packet and if the
destination node is in the same segment it does not forward the
packet to other segment.
■ The bridges are intelligent devices that allow the passing of only
selective packets
from them.

Networking and Telecommunication 44

Gatew
ay
■ Gateway is a dedicated server that connects two networks
having dissimilar communication protocols.
■ The gateways accept the data and message from a computer on
a network having different protocol and it translates and
repackages the incoming data and forwards to another network
of the different protocol.
■ A gateway is often characterized as being the combination of a
router and
a modem.

Networking and Telecommunication 45

Repeater
■ Repeater is a device that amplifies the incoming signals, creates a
copy of it and transmits the signal on network.
■ It can be used to join two network segments which use the same
protocol

Cable
■ Cables are commonly used media of physical channel for transmitting
data between computers in network.

Networking and Telecommunication 46

 MODEM
■ MODEM (Modulator Demodulator) is a device which is used to transfer
the data of one computer to another computer using telephone lines.
■ It can convert digital signals into analog signals and vice versa.
■ The conversion of digital signal into analog signal is Modulation.
■ The conversion of analog signal into digital signal is Demodulation.
Importance of MODEM are:
■ Access internet
■ Perform modulation and demodulation process
■ Transfer data from one computer to another through telephone
lines.

Networking and Telecommunication 47

MODEM

Networking and Telecommunication 48

 Network Interface Card
(NIC)
■ A Network Interface Card (NIC) is the adapter through which the
computer is connected to the network.
Function of NIC
■ To act as the interface to connect the computer to network and
control the flow of data in computer network.
■ To convert data into electronic signals and transfer them through
cables and
vice-versa.

Networking and Telecommunication 49

Connector
■ Connector is an interface between the NIC of the computer
and the cable that passes data between computers in
network.
■ It is a device that is used to join cables to a device.
■ Connectors varies with the cables that we use to connect
device in a network.
■ BNC(Bayonet Naur Connector),T - Connector, Terminator, RJ-45
are commonly used in networking.

Networking and Telecommunication 50

Device driver
■ Device driver is a program that controls the functionality of the
hardware device.
Intranet
■ An intranet is a private computer network that uses the internet
protocol to securely share any part of information of an organization.
Extranet
■ An extranet is a computer network that allows controlled access
from outside for specific business or educational purposes.

Networking and Telecommunication 51

 Network operating
system
■ Network operating system is a set of computer program that
manages the resources on network.
Some examples are :
■ Novell network
■ Microsoft Windows NT
■ Linux
■ Unix

Networking and Telecommunication 52

Any
question?

Networking and Telecommunication 53

 Kapil Dev Acharya
[email protected]
om

Networking and
54
Telecommunicati