Computer Fundamentals

Lecture 6

The Internet
 Today Topics

● Overview of The Internet and its History.

● Internet Architecture.

● Search Engine.

7.2
 What is the Internet?

The internet is an very large network of

billions of connected computers and other
hardware devices.

• Internet stand for Interconnected Network

• A network is a group of two or more computer systems linked
together.

7.3
 History of Internet
● The Department of Defense in USA created a small
network called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network) in 1969.
● This network connected only contractors, military
personals and university researchers.
● Initially, there were only four nodes, formally called Hosts.
● In 1972, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23
nodes located at different countries and thus became
known as Internet.
● Today the internet has grown into a huge spider’s web
where millions of computers, networks, phones and tablets
are all joined together.
7.4
 Internet Terminologies
● Webpage
● The document that can be viewed in the web browser is known
as the web page.
● Website
● A website is a collection of several web pages. These pages
are linked together with hyperlinks..
● The first page of a website is known as the home page.
● Web Browser
● A web browser is a software application that is used to view
web pages,
● Some of the common web browsers are:
● Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome, and Safari.

7.5
 The World Wide Web (WWW)

● The internet is the physical network of computers all

over the world.
● The World Wide Web is a virtual network of web
sites connected by hyperlinks (or "links").
● The World Wide Web -- also known as the web OR
WWW -- refers to all the public websites or pages that
users can access on their local computers and other
devices through the internet.
● Web sites are stored on web servers on the internet,
so the World Wide Web is a part of the internet.

7.6
 Individual using of the Internet

Approximately there are 4.9 billion people – or 63% of the

world’s population are using the Internet in 2021
However, this leaves 2.9 billion people still offline.
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx
7.7
 Submarine Cable Map

https://www.submarinecablemap.com/ 7.8
Submarine Cable Map - Yemen

7.9
 Some ways to use the Internet

● E-mail
● Research
● Shopping
● News
● Games
● Chat/Messaging/Social Networking

7.
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 Internet Architecture

● The Internet has Client/Server architecture.

● Key concepts of internet architecture are as
follow:
● Client/ Server
● IP Address
● URL: Uniform Resource Locator
● Domain name

7.
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Internet Architecture: Client-Server Architecture
● The Internet has Client/Server architecture.
● Each computer or process on the network is either a client or
a server.
● Servers are powerful computers which provides a function or
service to one or many clients, which initiate requests for such
services.
● Clients are PCs or workstations on which users run
applications. Clients rely on servers for resources , such as
files , devices , and even processing power.

7.
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 How does the Internet work?
● Computers that we use every day are called clients.
● Your computer connects to the Internet through a
system of computers at your Internet Service Provider
(ISP).
● When you open a webpage on your computer, you
connect to the webpage, and then you can access it.
Computers break the information into smaller pieces
called packets, which are reassembled in their original
order.

7.
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Cont’d

● When successfully connected to an ISP, you are

assigned an IP address, which is a unique address
given to your computer or network and allows it to be
found while on the Internet.

● The Internet has no centralized governance in either

technological implementation or policies for access and
usage.

7.
14
 Protocol

● A protocol is a set of rules defining communication

between systems, format, order of messages sent
and received among network entities and how to
handle errors.

7.
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 Protocol

● In the internet, interconnection of computers and computer

networks using TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol) communication protocol.

● Various application protocols operate over TCP/IP such as:

● Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - SMTP (E-Mail)
● Hypertext Transfer Protocol - HTTP (Web)
● Internet Relay Chat - IRC (Chat)
● File Transfer Protocol - FTP (software packages), etc.

7.
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 IP addresses
● IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as
110.22.33.114) which identifies a computer location.
● The IPv4 address (Internet Protocol version 4) has a size of
32 bits, which limits the address space to 4294967296 (2 32)
addresses.
● In IPv6, the address size was increased from 32 bits in IPv4
to 128 bits, thus providing up to 2128 (approximately
3.403×1038) addresses.

7.
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 IPv6

• IPv6 addresses have a size of 128 bits.

7.
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19
URLs
Domain Type of organization

● Uniform Resource Locator (URL) .com Commercial Business

● Has at least two parts .edu Education

.gov U.S. government agency
4 Protocol
.int International Entity
4 Domain name
.mil U.S. military
● Top-level domain (TLD) .net Networking organization
● Identifies the type of organization .org Non profit organization

7.
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20
Domain Name

● A domain name is a text-based name that corresponds to

the IP address of a server that hosts a website.

7.
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 A Country Code TOP-Level Domain

A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is

an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for
a country.

Name Country

.ye Yemen
Example:
.sa Saudi Arabia
https://www.yemenmobile.com.ye .pk Pakistan
.jp Japan

.eg Egypt

.cn China

7.
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 Search Engine

● A web site that will help you search the Internet

for key words, subjects, etc.

● Popular examples of search engines are Google,

Yahoo!, Bing, and MSN Search.

7.
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 hostname and Host ID of a computer
● How do I find the hostname and Host ID of a computer?

▪ Type ‘cmd’ into

the search bar
▪ When the cmd
prompt opens,
type ipconfig /all
▪ Press Enter on
your keyboard

7.
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 Assignment
● What is an Internet of Things (IoT)?

7.
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