Computer Fundamentals

Lecture 7

Operating Systems
 Today Topics

 Overview of Operating System.

 Major Functions of Operating System.

 Characteristics of Operating System.

 Types of Operating System.

 User Interface

8.2
 Operating Systems
 The operating system is the most important program
that runs on a computer.
 The Operating System (OS) is an interface between
a computer user and computer hardware.
 It is responsible for the management and coordination
of activities and the sharing of the resources of the
computer.

8.3
 Operating Systems
 An operating system is a set of programs containing
instructions that work together to coordinate all the
activities among computer hardware resources.

The operating system interacts with hardware

8.4
 Operating System

OS is an interface between a computer

user and computer hardware

8.5
 Major Functions of Operating System
 An operating system is a software which performs all
the basic tasks like:
 File management
 Memory management
 Process management
 Device Management
 Providing a user interface

8.6
 Characteristics of Operating System
The most prominent characteristic features of Operating Systems are
as the following:
 File Management − Allocates and de-allocates the resources and
decides who gets the resources.
 Memory Management − Keeps track of the primary memory, i.e.
what part of it is in use by whom, what part is not in use, etc. and
allocates the memory when a process or program requests it.
 Device Management − Keeps track of all the devices. This is also
called I/O controller that decides which process gets the device,
when, and for how much time.

8.7
 Starting a Computer
 Booting is the process of starting or restarting a computer
 Each time you boot a computer, the kernel and other frequently
used operating system instructions are loaded, or copied, from
storage into the computer’s memory (RAM).
 The kernel is the core of an operating system that manages
memory and devices, maintains the internal clock and runs
programs.
 The kernel is memory resident, which means it remains in memory
while the computer or mobile device is running.

8.8
 Shutting Down Computers
 Shut down options including powering off the computer,
placing the computer in sleep mode, and hibernating
the computer.
 Both sleep mode and hibernate are designed to save
time when you resume working on the computer.
 Sleep mode saves any open documents and programs
to RAM, turns off all unneeded functions, and then
places the computer in a low-power state.
 Hibernate, by contrast, saves any open documents and
programs to a hard disk before removing power from
the computer.

8.9
 Providing a User Interface
 You interact with an operating system through its user
interface.
 A user interface (UI) controls how you enter data and
instructions and how information is displayed on the
screen.
 Two types of operating system user interfaces are:
 Graphical user interface (GUI)
 Command line.

8.10
 User Interface
 Graphical User Interface (GUI) A method by which a
person communicates with a computer using graphical
images, icons, and methods other than text.
 GUIs allow a user to use a mouse, touchpad, or another
mechanism (in addition to the keyboard) to interact with
the computer to issue commands.

8.11
 User Interface
 A command-line interface (CLI) is a text-based user interface
 The user can type commands to perform specific tasks.
 The command shell in the Windows operating system are examples
of command-line interfaces.

8.12
Desktop/Laptop operating system browsing statistics

Desktop OS market share according to StatCounter for April 2022.

8.13
 Desktop Windows Version Market Share Worldwide

Windows Version Market Share

Win 10 71.29%

Win 11 15.44%

Win 7 9.61%

Win 8.1 2.45%

Win 8 0.69%

WinXP 0.39%

Desktop Windows Version Market

Share Worldwide - Oct 2022

https://gs.statcounter.com/os-version-market-share/windows/desktop/worldwide

8.14
 Types of Operating System
 There are several different types of operating systems
present.
 Batch OS
 Multitasking OS
 Network OS
 Real-Time OS
 Multiprocessing Operating System
 Embedded Operating Systems

8.15
 Batch OS
 Batch OS is the first operating system for second-
generation computers.
 People were used to having a single computer which
was called a mainframe.
 In Batch operating system, access is given to more
than one person; they submit their respective jobs to
the system for the execution.
 The system put all of the jobs in a queue on the basis
of first come first serve and then executes the jobs one
by one. The users collect their respective output when
all the jobs get executed.

8.16
 Network operating System
 A Network Operating System runs on a server and
provides the server the capability to manage data,
users, groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions.
 Examples of network operating systems include:
 Microsoft Windows Server
 UNIX
 Linux
 Mac OS X

8.17
 Real-time Operating System
 Real-time operating systems provide support to real-
time systems
 A real-time operating system is an operating system
that runs multi-threaded applications and can meet
real-time deadlines.

8.18
 Multiprocessing Operating System
 In Multiprocessing, Parallel computing is achieved.
 There are more than one processors present in the
system which can execute more than one process at
the same time.
 This will increase the throughput of the system.

8.19
 Embedded Operating Systems
 An embedded operating system is a special type
of computer operating system designed to
perform a specific task for a device.
 The hardware running an embedded operating system
is usually very limited in resources.
 Examples: operating systems in:
 ATMs
 Satellite Navigation systems
 Digital Cameras

8.20