LOGIC

Joseph D. Talay
PROPOSITIONS
•A declarative sentence
that is either TRUE or
FALSE, but NOT BOTH. If
the proposition is TRUE,
then its truth value is
TRUE which denoted by T;
otherwise, its truth value
Determine whether each of the
following statements is a propositions
or not. If a proposition, give its truth
value.

p: Mindanao is an island in
the Philippines.
p: This is a declarative
sentence , and Mindanao is an
island in the Philippines.
Hence, p is a true proposition
 q: Find a number which
divides your age.
q: This is a imperative
sentence, and so it is not a
proposition.
r: My seatmate will get a
perfect score in the Logic
r: The statement is a declarative sentence.
exam.
Although the truth value will only be known after
the Logic exam, we know that it can be either
true (my seatmate gets a perfect score) or false
(she has some mistakes), but not both.
 s: Welcome to the
Philippines!
s: Statement s is an
exclamatory sentence, hence it
is not a proposition.
t: 3 + 2 = 5
t: Obviously, 3+ 2 = 5 is a true mathematical
sentence. But, is it a declarative sentence?
Yes! To see this, note that you may read it as “
The sum of three and two is five,” which is
clearly a declarative sentence. Therefore, t is
a true proposition
 u: f(x) = is a rational
function
u: This is a declarative sentence. Since
the numerator of the function is not a
polynomial, the function f is not a
rational and so the statement is false.
Therefore, u is false proposition.

v: What is the domain of the

function?
v: It is an interrogative sentence.
Hence, it is not a proposition.
 a: Either logic is fun and
interesting , or it is boring.
a: It is a declarative sentence, which is
true for anyone because each of us
finds logic either fun or boring. Henc a,
a is a true proposition.
b: If you are a Grade 11 student,
then ypu are a Filipino.
b: This is declarative sentence, but it is
not true. There are also Grade 11 students
of other nationalities.
 c: If you are more than 60
years old, then you are entitled
to a Senior Citizen’s card, and if
you are entitled to a Senior
Citizen’s card, then you are
more than
c: We 60 years
know that itold.
is a true
proposition. Furthermore, we can
express the whole sentence as “You are
more than 60 years old if and only if
you are entitled to a Senior Citizen’s
card.”
 COMPOUND
PROPOSITIONS
•A proposition formed from simpler
propositions using logical
connections or some combination
of logical connectors. Some logical
connectors involving propositions
p and/or q may be expressed as
follows:
not p (~p), p or q (p ν q)
p and q (p Λ q) if p then q (p 
q)
 SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS

•If cannot be broken down any

further into other component
propositions.
 LOGICAL OPERATORS
1. NEGATION

The negation of a proposition p is

denoted by
~p ; (read as “not p”)
and is defined through its truth
table: p ~p
T F
F T
a: 2 is an odd number.
~a: 2 is an even number

b: Tinikling is the most difficult

dance.
~ b: Tinikling is not the most difficult
dance.
c: Everyone in Visayas speaks
Cebuano.
~ c: Not everyone in Visayas speaks
Cebuano.
2. CONJUNCTION
The conjunction of a proposition p
is denoted by
p Λ q ; (read as “p and q”)
and is defined through its truth
table: p q pΛq
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
 Let p and q be the following
propositions:
p : Angels exist.
q:π>3
Express the following conjunctions
as English sentences or in symbols,
as the case may be:
a) p Λ q
b)p Λ (~q)
c) Angels do not exist and π ≤ 3
 Solution: The corresponding
English sentences are given below:
(a) p Λ q: Angels exist and π > 3.
(b) p Λ ~q : Angels exist and π ≤ 3.

(c) In symbols, we have (~p) Λ (~q)

(d) In logic, the statement is a
conjunction and so, in symbols, (~p) Λ
(q)
3. DISJUNCTION
The disjunction of a proposition p
and q is denoted by
p v q ; (read as “p or q”)
and is defined through its truth
table: p q pvq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
The proposition p and q are called
 Let p, q and r be the following
propositions:
p : Victor has a date with
Liza.
q : Janree is sleeping.
r : Eumir is eating.
Express the following conjunctions
as English sentences or in symbols,
as the case may be:
a) v q has a date with Liza or Janree is
(a)p Victor
sleeping .
 p : Victor has a date with
Liza.
q : Janree is sleeping.
r : Eumir is eating.
b) v (~qJanree
(b)qEither v r) is sleeping, or Eumir is
sleeping.
c) p v (q v r)
(c) Either Victor has a date with Liza, or
Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is sleeping.
d) Either Victor has a date with Liza
or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is
eating.
d) (p v q) v r
e) Either Victor has a date with Liza
and Janree is sleeping or Eumir is
eating.
(e) (p Λ q) v r
f) Either Victor has a date with Liza,
or Janree is sleeping and Eumir is
eating.
(f) (p v q) Λ r
g) Either Victor has a date with Liza
and Janree is sleeping, or Victor has
a date with Liza and Eumir is eating.
g) (p Λ q) v (p Λ r)
4. CONDITIONAL
The conditional of a proposition p and q is
denoted by
p  q ; (read as “If p then q”)
and is defined through its truth table:
p q pq
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
The conditional p  q may also read as “p implies q”.
The proposition p is called the hypothesis while
proposition q is called the conclusion.
 If-then Statement

If an animal is a penguin, then it is a

bird.

hypothesis Conclusion
4 kinds of If-Then Statement
• The original statement

• The converse

• The inverse

• The contrapositive
Angles in a linear pair are
supplementary

If-Then :

If angles formed a linear pair, then they are

supplementary
Students who are good
in mathematics are
smart
A triangle is a polygon
 If an animal is a penguin,
then it is a bird.
The converse reverses or flips the
hypothesis and conclusion

• If an animal is a bird, then it is penguin

 If an animal is a penguin,
then it is a bird.
The Inverse negates or puts “not’s” in the
original statement

• If an animal is not a penguin, then it is not

a bird
 If an animal is a penguin,
then it is a bird.
The Contrapositive does both – it is the
converse and the inverse

• If an animal is not a bird, then it is not a

penguin.
Original statement
• If an animal is a penguin, then it is a bird

TRUE
Converse
• If an animal is a bird, then it is a penguin

FALSE
Inverse
• If an animal is a not a penguin, then it is
not a bird

FALSE
Contrapositive
• If an animal is not a bird, then it is not a
penguin

TRUE
TRY!
Original Statement
• If , then x = 5

FALSE
Converse
• If x = 5, then ,

TRUE
Inverse
• If , then x ≠ 5

TRUE
Contrapositive
• If x ≠ 5, then

FALSE
TRY!
Original Statement
• If a shape is a triangle, then it is a
polygon

TRUE
Converse
• If it is a polygon, then it is a triangle

FALSE
Inverse
• If a shape is not a triangle, then it is not a
polygon

FALSE
Contrapositive
• If it is not a polygon, then it is not a
triangle

TRUE
4. BICONDITIONAL
The biconditional of a proposition p and q
is denoted by
p <--> q ; (read as “p if and only if q”)
and is defined through its truth table:
p q p <--> q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
The proposition may also be written as p iff q. The
propositions p and q are the components of the
biconditional. If the truth value of p and q are the
 Suppose that Geebee is a Grade 11
student, analyze the truth values of
the given biconditional.

p : Geebee is in Grade 11 if and only

if she is a senior high school student.
p : Again, both simple components of p
are true. Hence, the biconditional is true,
according to the first row of the truth
table.
 Suppose that Geebee is a Grade 11
student, analyze the truth values of
the given biconditional.

q : Geebee is in Grade 11 if and only

if she is working as a lawyer.
q : Since it is true that Geebee is in Grade
11 but is not true that Geebee is working
as a lawyer, the biconditional is false as
the second row of the truth table
indicates.
 Suppose that Geebee is a Grade 11
student, analyze the truth values of
the given biconditional.
s : Geebee has a degree in
Computer Science if and only if she
believes in true love.
s : The truth value of the biconditional s
depends on whether Geebee believes in
true love or not which makes the
biconditional true according to the truth
table. On the other hand, supposing
Geebee believes is true love, the truth
Do it!
 I. Decide whether each of the
following is a proposition or not a
proposition.
1. Today is Monday.
2. Do you love Mathematics?
3. Pause for a while.
4. A quart of milk weighs less than 8
ounces.
5. Stand straight and recite the
“Panatang Makabayan.”
6. 12 + 7 = 19 and 19 – 53 = -34
7. Where is the Underground River
located?
Transform into If-then statement, give
the converse, inverse and
contrapositive and give the truth value
• The sum of the measures of complementary angles is 90°

• Vertical angles are congruent

• Acute angle has measure less than 90°

Thank you for Listening!