ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS

EC2201 [3 0 0 3]

Manish Tiwari
 ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
EC2201 [3 0 0 3]

• Operational amplifiers: transfer characteristics and frequency response of op-amp, measurement of opamp parameters.
Block level representation of Op-amp;
• Linear applications of op-amp: voltage to current converter, current to voltage converter, instrumentation amplifier and
bridge amplifier.
• Active filters: Design and analysis of higher order low pass, high pass, band pass (wide and narrow band) and band
elimination (wide and narrow band) and all pass active filters.
• Non-linear applications of operational amplifier: rectifiers, peak detector, sample and hold circuit, comparators, window
detector, Schmitt trigger, square wave, triangular wave generators, oscillators.
• Timer IC: pin details and internal working of 555 IC. Applications: astable multivibrator, monostable multivibrator, Schmitt
trigger.
• Data converters: Principles and specifications of digital to analog converter (DAC) and analog to digital converters (ADC),
binary weighted and R-2R DAC, successive approximation type, counter type and servo tracking type and dual slope ADC.
• Phase-locked loop IC 565 and Voltage Controlled Oscillator IC 566: Analysis and applications. IC based voltage regulators
and power amplifiers.
• References:
– 1. R.A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, (4e), Prentice Hall of India, 2002.
– 2. W. D. Stanley, Operational Amplifiers with Linear Integrated Circuits, (4e), Pearson Education, 2007.
– 3. F. Sergio, Design with Op amps & Analog Integrated Circuits, (4e), McGraw Hill, 2014.
 Active Filters
• An active filter is a type of analog electronic filter, distinguished by the use of one or
more active components. Typically this will be a transistor or operational amplifier.
• Along with these elements circuits of active filters also contain resistor and capacitor,
but not inductors.
• We know filter exhibits the property of frequency selectivity. Thus active filter circuits
use transistor and op-amp to pass only a selective band of frequency while attenuating
rest of the frequency.
• Usually, the op-amp in the circuit is used in an integrated manner. Thus ensure small
size and less bulky. We know op-amp offers high input impedance and low output
impedance. Thus such active filters eliminate the loading effect at source and load.
 Active Filters Vs Passive Filters
Basis for Comparison Active Filter Passive Filter
Composed of Active components Passive components like
like op-amp, resistor, inductor and
transistor etc. capacitor etc.
Cost High Comparatively low.
Circuit complexity More complex Less complex than active
filter.
Weight Low Comparatively bulkier due to
presence of inductors.
Q factor High Very low in comparison to
active filters.
External power supply Required Not required
Sensitivity More sensitive Comparatively less sensitive.
 Basic filter Responses
• A filter is a circuit that passes certain frequencies and rejects or attenuates
all others.
• The passband is the range of frequencies allowed to pass through the filter.
• The critical frequency, fc , defines the end (or ends) of the passband and is
normally specified at the point where the response drops -3dB (70.7%)
from the passband response.
Filter Response Shapes
Ideal Vs Practical Response
Filter Order
 First Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter
• If we use the voltage divider rule at point ‘V1’then
we can get the voltage across the capacitor as,
V1 = [ -jXc / (R-jXc) ] Vin Here –jXc = 1/2ᴫfc
• After substitution this equation we will have
something like below
V1 = Vin / (1+j2ᴫfRC)
• Now the op-amp here used in negative feedback
configuration and for such a case the output
voltage equation is given as,
V0 = ( 1 + RF / R1 ) V1 .
If we submit V1 equation into Vo we will have,
V0 = (1 + RF / R1) [Vin / (1 + j2ᴫfRC) ]
After rewriting this equation we can have,
V0 / Vin = AF / ( 1 + j(f/fL) )
In this equation,
•V0 / Vin = gain of the filter as a function of frequency
•AF = (1+RF / R1) = passband gain of the filter
•f = frequency of the input signal
•fL = 1 / 2ᴫRC = cutoff frequency of the filter. We can use this equation to choose appropriate
resistor and capacitor values to select the cutoff frequency of the circuit.
• If we convert the above equation into a polar form we will have,

We can use this equation to observe the change in gain magnitude

with the change in the frequency of the input signal.
• Case1: f<<fL. So let us consider input frequency is very less than the
cutoff frequency of the filter then,

As you can see from the pattern the gain of

the filter will be the same as op-amp gain
So when the input frequency is very less than filter cutoff frequency until the input signal frequency is less than
then gain magnitude is approximately equal to loop gain of the op- the cutoff frequency. But once the input
amp. signal frequency reaches cutoff frequency the
• Case2: f = fL. If the input frequency is equal to the cutoff frequency of gain marginally decreases as seen in case two.
the filter then, And as the input signal frequency increases
even further the gain gradually decreases
until it reaches zero. So the low pass
Butterworth filter allows the input signal to
So when the input frequency is equal to filter cutoff frequency appear at the output until the frequency of
then gain magnitude is 0.707 times the loop gain of the op-amp. the input signal is lower than the cutoff
• Case3: f >fL. If the input frequency is higher than the cutoff frequency frequency.
of the filter then,
Examples
Second-Order Butterworth Low Pass Filter

The gain of the second-order filter is set by R1 and RF, while the cutoff frequency fH is
determined by R2, R3, C2 & C3 values. The derivation for the cutoff frequency is given as
follows,
 The voltage gain equation for this circuit is given below,

Case1: f<<fH. So let us consider input frequency is very less

than the cutoff frequency of the filter then

So when the input frequency is very less than filter cutoff

frequency then gain magnitude is approximately equal to loop
gain of the op-amp
Case2: f = fH. If the input frequency is equal to the cutoff
frequency of the filter then,

So when the input frequency is equal to filter cutoff frequency

then gain magnitude is 0.707 times the loop gain of the op-amp. In the graph, the green curve represents the
Case3: f >fH. If the input frequency is really higher than the cutoff ideal filter curve and you can see as the order of
frequency of the filter then, the Butterworth filter increases its gain graph
leans more towards the ideal curve. So higher
the order of Butterworth filter chosen the more
ideal the gain curve will be.
 First Order High-Pass Butterworth Filter
The impedance of the capacitor is

where f is the input i.e. operating frequency.

By the voltage divider rule, the potential of the
non inverting terminal of the op—amp is
For the frequency response, we require the magnitude of the transfer function which
is given by,
Second Order High Pass Butterworth Filter
The second order high pass Butterworth filter produces a gain roll off at the rate of +
40 dB/decade in the stop band.

and Rf = 0.586 R1
 Band Pass Filter
A Band Pass Filter Circuit Diagram designed to pass signals only in a certain band of
frequencies while rejecting all signals outside this band.
There are basically two types of Band Pass Filters,
•Wide band pass
•Narrow band pass
A Band Pass Filter is defined as a wide band pass if its figure of merit or quality
factor Q < 10.
While there is no firm dividing line between the two, if Q > 10, the filter is a narrow
Band Pass Filter.
Hence Q is a measure of selectivity meaning the higher the value of Q, the more
selective is the filter, or the narrower is the band width.
The relationship between Q, 3 db bandwidth and the centre frequency f c is given by

where
fH = high cutoff frequency
fL = low cutoff frequency of the wide bandpass
 •This type of filter has a maximum output voltage Vmax at
one frequency called the reso­nant frequency, fc.
•If the frequency is varied away from resonance, the output
voltage decreases.
•There is one frequency above fc and one below fc at which
the voltage is 0.707 x Vmax (3 db point). These frequencies
are the high and low cutoff frequencies.
•The band of frequencies between fH and fL is the band
width. Therefore the band width is given by BW = fH-fL
•A narrow band filter is one that has a band width of less than 1/10th the resonant
frequency (band width < 0.1 fc).
•A wide band filter has a band width greater than 1/10th the resonant frequency
(band width > 0.1 fc).
•The ratio of resonant frequency to band width is known as the quality factor Q.
 Wide Band Pass Filter
•To obtain a ± 20 db/decade band pass filter, a first order high pass filter and a first
low pass sections are cascaded.
•For a ± 40 db/decade band pass filter, second order high pass filter and second
order low pass filter are cascaded and so on for higher orders.
•In other words, the order of the Band Pass Filter Circuit Diagram depends upon the
order of the High pass and Low pass sections.
Second Order Wide Band Pass Filter
 Narrow Band Pass Filter

The narrow Band Pass Filter Circuit using multiple feedback.

In this circuit, the filter uses only one opamp. This filter is unique in the following respects.
•It has two feedback paths, which is why it is called a multiple feedback
•The opamp is used in the inverting mode.
Generally a narrow band pass filter is designed for specific values of centre frequency
fc and Q, or fc and band width.
The gain AVo at fc is given by

Another condition that the gain must satisfy is

 Band Reject Filter
• In Band Reject Filter Circuit, frequencies are attenuated in
the stop band and passed outside it.
• Band reject filters can also be classified as (i) wide and (ii)
narrow band.
• The narrow band reject filter is also called the notch filter.
Because of its higher Q which is greater than 10, the
bandwidth of the narrow band reject filter is much smaller
than that of the wide band reject filter.
• The band reject filter is also called a band stop or band
elimination filter because it eliminates a certain band of
frequencies.
Wide band Reject Filter
• Wide band reject filter using a low
pass filter, a high pass filter and a
summing amplifier.
• For a proper band reject response,
the low cutoff frequency fL of the
high pass filter must be larger than
the high cutoff frequency fH of the
low pass filter.
• Also, the pass band gain of both
high pass and low pass sections
must be equal.
 Narrow band Reject Filter

• The narrow band reject filter, often called the notch filter, is commonly
used for the attenuation of a single frequency.
• The most commonly used notch filter is the Twin T network, which is a
passive filter composed of two T shaped networks.
• One T network is made up of two resistors and a capacitor, while the
other is made of two capacitors and a resistor. The frequency at which
maximum attenuation occurs is called the notch-out frequency, given by
One disadvantage of the passive twin T network is that it has a relatively low figure of
merit, Q. Therefore, to increase the Q of the twin T network significantly, it should be
used with a voltage follower
 All Pass Filter
• The All Pass Filter Design is one that
passes all frequency components of
the input signal without
attenuation.
• Any ordinary wire can be used to
perform this char­acteristic but the
most important factor in an all pass
filter is that it provides predictable
phase shifts for different
frequencies of the input signal.
The output voltage Vo of the filter can be obtained by using the superposition theorem

The phase shift between Vo and

Vin is a function of input frequency f.
The phase angle Φ is given by

If the positions of R and C are

interchanged, the phase shift between
input and output becomes positive. That
is, output Vo leads input Vin.