Introduction to Networking

Internet Addressing
 Topics and Structure of the
lesson
• IP Addressing
• Subnet Addressing
 Learning Outcomes

• At the end of this lecture YOU should be

able to:
– Explain the relationship between network
classification and number of hosts within the
network
– Explain the purpose of subnetting
 Key Terms you must be able to
use:
If you have mastered this topic, you should
be able to use the following terms correctly
in your assignments and exams:
– IP Address
– Address Classification
– Dotted Decimal Notation System
– Net ID
– Host ID
– Subnet
 Addressing

• Addressing is a necessity for both in and out

of the context of Data Communication
Network.
• Addressing in both sense is a modular affair,
where each part of an address serves to
categorize the message to a general group.
(e.g – the postcode system)
• This modularity has allowed for a very efficient
system to handle a large volume of messages.
 Addressing

• Examples of systems which utilizes the modular

system is the postal system and the telephone
network.
• The postal system uses a series of modules which
makes up an address of the destination, such that
the postal worker is able to deliver it.
• However, there might be a possibility of a
duplication at the destination.
• This would, then, cause the letter to be received by
the wrong person.
 IP Address

• The IP addresses are universal in the sense that the

addressing system must be accepted by any host that wants
to be connected to the Internet.
• An address space is the total number of addresses used by
the protocol
• If a protocol uses n bits to define an address, the address
space is 2^n because each bit can have two different values
(0 or 1) and n bits can have 2^n values
• IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, which means that the address
space is 2 or 4,294,967,296 (more than 4 billion). This
means that, theoretically, if there were no restrictions, more
than 4 billion devices could be connected to the Internet.

‹#›
 Binary Notation

• In binary notation, the IP address is displayed as

32 bits.

• Each octet is often referred to as a byte. So it is

common to hear an IP address referred to as a
32-bit address or a 4-byte address.

• Eg: 01110101 10010101 00011101 00000010

‹#›
 IP Address

• The IP address serves to provide an

address for nodes connected to the internet
as well as giving information on the
categories of networks they belong into.
• The number of hosts a network can support
varies from network to network.
• Thus, a particular address is only assigned
to organizations whose networks are large.
Structure of an IP address
Address Classification
 Address Classification

• To facilitate this categorizations, the IP

addressing system is divided into 5 classes.
• All these classes caters to the different types
of networks an organization might have.
• Class A addresses are reserved for networks
who has a lot of hosts. The supportable
number of hosts in a class A network is
(2^24)-2, which equates to 16,777,214
hosts!
 Address Classification

• Class B addresses have a balance between

network addresses and number of computers.
The amount of hosts supported by a class B
address is (2^16)-2, which equates to 65534
hosts.
• Class C addresses are usually used for public
domain, having a high amount of network
address but is able to support a low number of
hosts. Class C supports (2^8)-2, which is 256
hosts.
 Address Classification

• Class D addresses are reserved for

multicasting purposes.
• Multicasting uses a similar concept of
broadcasting, but differs in which,
multicasting can be directed a group of
nodes, instead of the entire network.
• Class E addresses are being reserved for
future use.
Dotted Decimal Notation System

• Naturally, the human mind finds it hard to

memorize binary numerical.
• The dotted decimal notation system
makes an IP address easier to read.
Dotted Decimal Notation System
 Example
• Change the following IPv4 addresses from
binary notation to dotted-decimal notation.
a. 10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111

‹#›
 Example
• Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4
addresses.
a. 111.56.045.78
b. 221.34.7.8.20
c. 75.45.301.14
d. 11100010.23.14.67

‹#›
 Example
• Find the class of each address.
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111

‹#›
 Net ID and Host ID

• Where the concept of IP addressing provides

a way to categorize the many networks on the
Internet, it only gives two levels of hierarchy.
• The NetID would show the network’s location
on the Internet, and the HostID would reveal
the location of a node within a network.
• This presents a problem in terms of network
privacy and security. Imagine 16,777,214
nodes connected to one network.
 Casting
The cast term here signifies some data(stream of
packets) is being transmitted to the recipient(s)
from client(s) side over the communication
channel that help them to communicate.
1. Unicasting
2. Broadcasting
i. Limited Broadcasting
ii. Direct Broadcasting
3. Multicasting

‹#›
 Unicasting

• This type of information transfer is useful when

there is a participation of single sender and
single recipient. So, in short you can term it as a
one-to-one transmission. This is the most
common form of data transfer over the networks

‹#›
 Unicasting
11.0.0.0

11.1.2.3

SA DA

20.0.0.0 D 11.1.2.3 20.1.2.3

20.1.2.3

‹#›
 Limited Broadcasting

• Suppose you have to send stream of packets to

all the devices over the network that you reside,
this broadcasting comes handy. For this to
achieve, it will append 255.255.255.255 (all the
32 bits of IP address set to 1) called as Limited
Broadcast Address in the destination address
of the datagram (packet) header which is
reserved for information transfer to all the
recipients from a single client (sender) over the
network.

‹#›
 Broadcasting
Limited Broadcasting
SA DA
D 11.1.2.3 255.255.255.255

11.1.2.3 LBA: 255.255.255.255

11.0.0.0
‹#›
 Direct Broadcasting

• This is useful when a device in one

network wants to transfer packet stream to
all the devices over the other network.This
is achieved by translating all the Host ID
part bits of the destination address to
1,referred as Direct Broadcast Address
in the datagram header for information
transfer.

‹#›
Direct Broadcasting
11.0.0.0
11.1.2.3 SA DA
SA DA
D 11.1.2.3 20.255.255.255

DBA: 20.255.255.255

20.0.0.0 ‹#›
• LBA: 255.255.255.255 (all 1’s)

• DBA: NID HID all 1’s

• NID: NID HID all 0’s

• So even though we have 2^n IP addresses in

a network or a block we will not be able to
configure all the IP addresses because two IP
addresses are always reserved:
– One for DBA ‹#›

– Second for NID

• So the total number of host that can be
configured in different classes of IP is:

• Class A: 2^24 – 2 (Hosts)

• Class B: 2^16 – 2 (Hosts)
• Class C: 2^8 – 2 (Hosts)

‹#›
Range: CA (1 to 126) CB (128 to 191) CC (192 to 223)

IP NID DBA LBA

1.4.5.6
10.15.21.66
130.2.3.4
150.0.161.150
200.1.9.100
221.13.2.11
250.0.1.2
300.1.2.3
‹#›
 Net ID and Host ID

• In classful addressing, an IP address in class A, B,

or C is divided into netid and hostid.
• These parts are of varying lengths, depending on
the class of the address. As it is shown the netid is
in color, the hostid is in black.
• Note that the concept does not apply to classes D
and E.

‹#›
Net ID and Host ID
 Subnet

• Subnetting is a way to bypass this problem

by introducing another level of hierarchy.
• A subnet mask is applied to the IP address
to filter the HostID and extract the subnet
address.
• By doing this, we can segment our
networks and still share the same
internetworking resources.
 Subnet
200.1.2.0
00000000–0
NID HID 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 – 128
00000001–1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 – 129
00000010–2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 – 130
. S1 S2 .
. .
. .
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 – 127 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 – 255
200.1.2._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

NID SID HID

So the first bit of the last octate is used to identify the subnet
NID of the entire
Therefore SID S1 : 200.1.2.0 network
DBA S1 : 200.1.2.127

And SID S2 : 200.1.2.128

DBA of the entire
DBA S2 : 200.1.2.255
network ‹#›
Actual View of Subnet
0 - 127

S1

Internal ISP
Router
External Router

S2
128 - 255
‹#›

200.1.2.0
 Subnet

200.1.2.0
00000000–0 NID HID 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 – 192
. .
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 – 63 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 – 255

S1 S4

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 – 64 S2 S3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 – 128
. .
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 – 127 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 – 191

‹#›
0 - 63 64 - 127
Note: If a data packet has
arrived with a DA: 200.1.2.130,
So how does the internal router
identifies which interface should
S1 S2 it choose to send the data
packet to that particular subnet.
a b
Internal ISP
Router e External Router
d c SA DA
S4 S3 D 200.1.2.130

192 - 255 128 - 191

 Subnet Mask
• SM is a 32 bit number
• NID & SID is represented by 1’s
• HID is represented by 0’s

SM:11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
IP: 11001000.00000001.00000010.10000010
11001000.00000001.00000010.10000000
200 1 2 128
 So if we the SM & the IP address we can find the SID network
were the IP belongs to.
 In the above case the IP belongs to the S3
 Let us take another example
SM: 255.255.255.192 (11000000) 255.255.255.192 (11000000)
IP: 200. 1. 2. 10 (00001010) 200. 1. 2. 11(00001011)

‹#›
 Routing Table

NID SM Interface
200.1.2.0 255.255.255.192 a
200.1.2.64 255.255.255.192 b
200.1.2.128 255.255.255.192 c
200.1.2.192 255.255.255.192 d
 Summary

• IP Address
• Address Classification
• Dotted Decimal Notation System
• Net ID and Host ID
• Subnet
Question and Answer Session

Q&A