Unit-II

Internet of Things
Total Marks: 18

Prepared By:
Mr. A. A. Patel Khan
 Embedded System

 An embedded system is a system that has software

embedded in computer hardware
 An embedded system combines mechanical, electrical,
and chemical components along with a computer,
hidden inside, to perform a single dedicated purpose.
 An embedded system is a controller with a dedicated
function within a larger mechanical or electrical
system
 Examples: washing machine, microwave ovens,
cameras, printers and automobiles.
Embedded System
Characteristics
• It Executes a particular operation and does the
similar continually.
• All the computing systems have limitations on
design metrics.
• It must perform fast enough and consume less
power to increase battery life.
• Several embedded systems should constantly react
to changes in the system and also calculate
particular results in real time without any delay.
• For instance, a car cruise controller; it continuously
displays and responds to speed & brake sensors.
• It must be based on a microcontroller
or microprocessor based.
• It must require a memory,
• It must need connected peripherals to
attach input & output devices.
• An Embedded system is inbuilt with
hardware and software .
• hardware--security and performance
• Software--more flexibility and features.
Embedded System
Applications
Application
1. Automobiles: motor control, cruise control, body
safety, engine safety, robotics in an assembly line,
car multimedia, car entertainment, E-com access,
mobiles etc.
2. Telecommunications: networking, mobile
computing, and wireless communications, etc.
3. Smart cards: banking, telephone and security
systems.
4. Satellites and Missiles: defense, communication,
and aerospace
5. Computer networking & peripherals: image
processing, networking systems, printers, network
cards, monitors and displays
6. Digital consumer electronics: set-top boxes, DVDs,
high definition TVs and digital cameras
Architecture of Embedded
System
 Embedded System Processor:
PIC:
• PIC microcontroller was developed in the year 1993 by microchip
technology.
• The term PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller. Initially this
was developed for supporting PDP computers to control its peripheral
devices, and therefore, named as a peripheral interface device.
• These microcontrollers are very fast and easy to execute a program
compared with other microcontrollers.
• PIC microcontrollers are very popular due to their ease of
programming, wide availability, easy to interfacing with other
peripherals, low cost, large user base and serial programming
capability (reprogramming with flash memory), etc.
• PIC (Programmable Interface Controllers) microcontrollers are the
worlds smallest microcontrollers that can be programmed to carry
out a huge range of tasks. These microcontrollers are found in many
electronic devices such as phones, computer control systems, alarm
systems, embedded systems, etc.
 ARM:
• An ARM processor is one of a family of CPUs based on the RISC (reduced
instruction set computer) architecture developed by Advanced RISC
Machines (ARM).
• ARM makes 32-bit and 64-bit RISC multi-core processors.
• RISC processors are designed to perform a smaller number of types of
computer instructions so that they can operate at a higher speed,
performing more millions of instructions per second (MIPS). By stripping
out unneeded instructions and optimizing pathways, RISC processors
provide outstanding performance at a fraction of the power demand of
CISC (complex instruction set computing) devices.
• ARM processors are extensively used in consumer electronic devices such
as smartphones, tablets, multimedia players and other mobile devices,
such as wearables. Because of their reduced instruction set, they require
fewer transistors, which enables a smaller die size for the integrated
circuitry (IC).
• The ARM processor’s smaller size, reduced complexity and lower power
consumption makes them suitable for increasingly miniaturized devices.
• ARM processor features include:
• Load/store architecture.
• An orthogonal instruction set.
• Mostly single-cycle execution.
• Enhanced power-saving design.
• 64 and 32-bit execution states for scalable high performance.
• Hardware virtualization support.
 AVR:

• AVR is a family of microcontrollers developed since

1996 by Atmel, acquired by Microchip Technology in
2016.
• These are modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC
single-chip microcontrollers.
• AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use
on-chip flash memory for program storage, as opposed
to one-time programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM
used by other microcontrollers at the time.
• AVR microcontrollers find many applications as
embedded systems. They are especially common in
hobbyist and educational embedded applications,
popularized by their inclusion in many of the Arduino
line of open hardware development boards.
 ASIC:
• An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC /ˈeɪsɪk/) is an
integrated circuit (IC) chip customized for a particular use, rather than
intended for general-purpose use.
• For example, a chip designed to run in a digital voice recorder or a
high-efficiency bitcoin miner is an ASIC.
• Application-specific standard product (ASSP) chips are intermediate
between ASICs and industry standard integrated circuits like the
7400 series or the 4000 series.
• ASIC chips are typically fabricated using metal-oxide semiconductor
(MOS) technology, as MOS integrated circuit chips.
• As feature sizes have shrunk and design tools improved over the years,
the maximum complexity (and hence functionality) possible in an ASIC
has grown from 5,000 logic gates to over 100 million.
• Modern ASICs often include entire microprocessors, memory blocks
including ROM, RAM, EEPROM, flash memory and other large
building blocks. Such an ASIC is often termed a SoC (system-on-chip).
Designers of digital ASICs often use a hardware description language
(HDL), such as Verilog or VHDL, to describe the functionality of
ASICs.[1]
 IoT Definitions:

• IoT is short for Internet of Things.

• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of
interrelated computing devices, mechanical
and digital machines, objects, animals or
people that are provided with unique
identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer
data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.
 Characteristics of IoT
1. Intelligence
2. Connectivity
3. Dynamic Nature
4. Enormous scale
5. Sensing
6. Heterogeneity
7. Security
Physical Design of IoT:

• There are four main system

components for the Internet of
Things (IoT)

1>The Thing
2>The local network.
3>The Internet
4>The cloud
 What is the “Thing”?
• Thing is an embedded computing device
(or embedded system) that transmits and
receives information over a network (need not
be able to interface with internet directly) for
the purpose of controlling another device or
interacting with a user.
• A Thing is also a microcontroller—or
microprocessor-based device.
The “Thing” may provide

1> Identification and info storage(RFID

tags, MAC address)
2> Information collection (Sensor networks,
store sensor values)
3> Information processing(Understanding
commands, filtering data)
4> Communications (Transmit and receive
messages)
5> Actuation (Switch control, motor
control)
 How do we make these
“Things”?
• One understanding we have to come to before we go
forward is that the “Thing” has to have either a
microcontroller or microprocessor.
• So first we have to choose the Microcontroller (cost and
power considerations beyond scope of this simple blog) .

• Factors to consider in selection.

1) Memory size.
2) Number of General Purpose input output pins.
3) Peripheral communication (SPI, I2C, USART)
4) Communication capabilities (Wired E.g,: Ethernet ,
Wireless E.g.: Wifi, Blutooth, Zigbee, IR etc)
5) selection of sensor is purely application specific
6) Another important thing to consider is sensor sensitivity
and power consumed
7) Communication.
 IoT Protocols:
• IoT communication protocols generally work in data link
layer, network layer, transport layer, and application layer.

1. Bluetooth
2. WiFi
3 ZigBee
4. MQTT IoT
5. CoAP
6. DDS
7. NFC
8. Cellular
9. AMQP
10. LoRaWAN
11. RFID
12. Z-Wave
13. Sigfox
14. Thread
15. EnOcean
 Logical Design of IoT
IoT Functional Block Diagram
• Device: An IoT system is based on devices that
provide sensing, actuation, control, and monitoring
activities.
Eg:- Interfaces for communications devices, both wired
and wireless. These include (i) I/O interfaces for
sensors, (ii) interfaces for Internet connectivity, (iii)
memory and storage interfaces, and (iv) audio/video
interfaces.
IoT devices can also be of varied types, for
instance, wearable sensors, smart watches, LED lights,
automobiles and industrial machines.
• Communication: The communication block performs
the communication between devices and remote
servers.
• Services: An IoT system serves various types of
functions such as services for device modeling, device
control, data publishing, data analytics, and device
discovery.
• Management: Management block provides
different functions to govern an IoT system to
seek the underlying governance of IoT system.
• Security: Security functional block secures the
IoT system by providing functions such as,
authentication, authorization, privacy, message
integrity, content integrity, and data security.
• Application: Application layer is the most
important in terms of users as it acts as an
interface that provides necessary modules to
control, and monitor various aspects of the IoT
system. Applications allow users to visualize, and
analyze the system status at present stage of
action, sometimes prediction of futuristic
prospects.
IoT Communication Models:
1. Device-to-Device Communications
2.Device-to-Cloud Communications
3.Device-to-Gateway Model
4. Back-End Data-Sharing Model
 IoT Communication API`s:

Generally we used Two APIs For IoT

Communication. These IoT Communication
APIs are:
– REST-based Communication APIs
– WebSocket-based Communication APIs
 REST-based Communication APIs

• Client-server
• Stateless
• Cache-able
• Layered system
• Uniform interface
• Code on demand
 Web Socket-based Communication APIs

• Websocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex communication between

clients and servers. Websocket APIs follow the exclusive pair communication
model. Unlike request-response model such as REST, the WebSocket APIs
allow full duplex communication and do not require new coonection to be
setup for each message to be sent. Websocket communication begins with a
connection setup request sent by the client to the server. The request (called
websocket handshake) is sent over HTTP and the server interprets it is an
upgrade request. If the server supports websocket protocol, the server
responds to the websocket handshake response. After the connection setup
client and server can send data/mesages to each other in full duplex mode.
Websocket API reduce the network traffic and letency as there is no
overhead for connection setup and termination requests for each message.
Websocket suitable for IoT applications that have low latency or high
throughput requirements. So Web socket is most suitable IoT
Communication APIs for IoT System.
IoT Enabling Technologies:
1. Wireless Sensor Networks
• Weather monitoring system use WSNs in which the nodes
collect temperature humidity and other data which is
aggregated and analyzed.
• Indoor air quality monitoring systems use WSNs to collect
data on the indoor air quality and concentration of various
gases
• Soil moisture monitoring system use WSNs to monitor soil
moisture at various locations.
• Surveillance system use WSNs for collecting Surveillance
data (such as motion detection data)
• Smart grid use WSNs for monitoring the grid at various
points.
• Structural health monitoring system use WSNs to monitor
the health of structures ( buildings, bridges) by collecting
vibration data from sensor nodes de deployed at various
points in the structure.
2. Cloud Computing:

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): hardware is provided by an

external provider and managed for you
• Platform as a Service (PaaS): in addition to hardware, your
operating system layer is managed for you
• Software as a Service (SaaS): further to the above, an
application layer is provided and managed for you – you won’t see
or have to worry about the first two layers.
 3. Big Data Analytics: Big Data analytics is the process of
collecting, organizing and analyzing large sets of data (called Big Data)

• Some examples of big data generated by IoT systems

are described as follows:
• Sensor data generated by IoT system such as weather
monitoring stations.
• Machine sensor data collected from sensors embedded
in industrial and energy systems for monitoring their
health and detecting Failures.
• Health and fitness data generated by IoT devices such
as wearable fitness bands
• Data generated by ioT systems for location and
tracking of vehicles
• Data generated by retail inventory monitoring systems
Characteristics

Big data can be described by the following

characteristics:
• Volume – The quantity of generated and stored data.
• Variety – The type and nature of the data.
• Velocity – In this context, the speed at which the
data is generated and processed to meet the
demands. Two kinds of velocity related to Big Data
are the frequency of generation and the frequency of
handling, recording, and publishing.
• Veracity – It is the extended definition for big data,
which refers to the data quality and the data value.
4. Communication protocols
• Communication protocols form the backbone of IoT
systems and enable network connectivity and
coupling to applications.
• Internet communication protocols are published by
the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The
IEEE handles wired and wireless networking, and
the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) handles other types. The ITU-T handles
telecommunication protocols and formats for the
public switched telephone network (PSTN). As the
PSTN and Internet converge, the standards are also
being driven towards convergence.
• In IoT we used MQTT, COAP, AMQP etc. protocols.
5. Embedded Systems
As its name suggests, Embedded means something that is
attached to another thing. An embedded system can be thought
of as a computer hardware system having software embedded
in it.
• Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors are
manufactured to serve as embedded system component.

An embedded system has three components −

• It has hardware.
• It has application software.
• It has Real Time Operating system (RTOS) that supervises
the way the system works.(HW\SW)
 IoT Levels & Deployment

• Level 1: Measurement
• Level 2: Automation
• Level 3: Innovation
• Level 4: IoT All Around, All the Time
 IoT Issues &
Challenges
1. Security
2. Privacy
3. Internet Walls
4. Cloud attacks
5. Understanding IoT
6. Lack of Confidence
 IoT Applications
• Smart Home
• Wearables
• Smart City
• Smart Grids
• Industrial Internet
• Connected Car
• Connected Health (Digital
Health/Telehealth/Telemedicine)
• Smart Retail
• Smart Supply Chain
• Smart Farming
 IoT Devices & Its Features:
Arduino UNO:

• Microcontroller: ATmega328
• Operating Voltage: 5V
• Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
• Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
• Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• Analog Input Pins: 6
• DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
• DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
• Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
• SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
• EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
• Clock Speed: 16 MHz
 Raspberry PI Model A

• The Model A raspberry pi features mainly includes

• 256 MB SDRAM memory
• Single 2.0 USB connector
• Dual Core Video Core IV Multimedia coprocessor
• HDMI (rev 1.3 & 1.4) Composite RCA (PAL and NTSC) Video
Out
• 3.5 MM Jack, HDMI, Audio Out
• SD, MMC, SDIO Card slot on board storage
• Linux Operating system
• Broadcom BCM2835 SoC full HD multimedia processor
• 8.6cm*5.4cm*1.5cm dimensions
 Features of Raspberry PI Model B

• 512 MB SDRAM memory

• Broadcom BCM2835 SoC full high definition multimedia
processor
• Dual Core Video Core IV Multimedia coprocessor
• Single 2.0 USB connector
• HDMI (rev 1.3 and 1.4) Composite RCA (PAL & NTSC) Video
Out
• 3.5 MM Jack, HDMI Audio Out
• MMC, SD, SDIO Card slot on board storage
• Linux Operating system
• Dimensions are 8.6cm*5.4cm*1.7cm
• On board 10/100 Ethernet RJ45 jack