Database

Database - Introduction
• A database is nothing but an organized collection of data.
• Data is organized into rows, columns and tables and it is
indexed to make it easier to find relevant information.
• All companies whether large or small use databases. So it
become necessary to develop project/software using any
programming language like python in such a manner which
can interface with such databases which support SQL.
• Generalised form of Interface of python with SQL Database
can be understood with the help of this diagram-
Advantages of DBMS

• Database reduces Redundancy- It removes duplication of data because

data are kept at one place and all the application refers to the centrally
maintained database.
• Database controls Inconsistency- When two copies of the same data do
not agree to each other, then it is called Inconsistency. By controlling
redundancy, the inconsistency is also controlled.
• Database facilitate Sharing of Data- Data stored in the database can be
shared among several users.
• Database ensures Security- Data are protected against accidental or
intentional disclosure to unauthorized person or unauthorized
modification.
• Database maintains Integrity- It enforces certain integrity rules to insure
the validity or correctness of data. For ex. A date can’t be like 31/31/2000.
RDBMS
RDBMS Terms
• Relation (Table)- A Relation or Table is Matrix like structure arranged
in Rows and Columns.
• Domain- It is collection of values from which the value is derived for a
column.
• Tuple / Entity / Record- Rows of a table is called Tuple or Record.
• Attribute/ Field- Column of a table is called Attribute or Field.
• Degree- Number of columns (attributes) in a table.
• Cardinality- Number of rows (Records) in a table.
Keys in RDBMS
• Primary Key- A primary is a column or set of columns in a table that
uniquely identifies tuples (rows) in that table.
• Candidate Key- It is an attribute or a set of attributes or keys
participating for Primary Key, to uniquely identify each record in that
table.
• Alternate Key- Out of all candidate keys, only one gets selected as
primary key, remaining keys are known as alternate or secondary keys.
• Foreign Key- Foreign keys are the columns of a table that points to the
primary key of another table. They act as a cross-reference between
tables.
Keys in RDBMS
SQL
• SQL is an acronym of Structured Query Language.It is a standard language
developed and used for accessing and modifying relational databases.
• The SQL language was originally developed at the IBM research laboratory
in San José, in connection with a project developing a prototype for a
relational database management system called System R in the early 70s.
• SQL is being used by many database management systems. Some of them
are:
• MySQL
• Oracle
• SQLite
• Microsoft SQL Server
MySQL
• MySQL is currently the most popular open source database software.
• It is a multi-user, multithreaded database management system.
• MySQL is especially popular on the web.
• It is one of the parts of the very popular LAMP platform. Linux,
Apache, MySQL and PHP or WAMP platform Windows, Apache,
MySQL and PHP.
• MySQL was founded by Michael Widenius (Monty), David Axmark and
Allan Larsson in Sweden in year 1995.
Types of SQL Commands

• DDL (Data Definition Language)- To create database and table structure-

commands like CREATE , ALTER , DROP etc.

• DML (Data Manipulation Language)- Record/rows related operations.

commands like SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, etc.

• DCL (Data Control Language)- Used to control the transactions.

commands like COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT etc.

• TCL (Transactional Control Language)- used to manipulate permissions

or access rights to the tables. commands like GRANT , REVOKE etc.
Difference between DDL and
DML
Database commands in MySQL
• Getting listings of database and tables
• mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
• mysql> SHOW TABLES;
• Creating a database- mysql> CREATE database myschool;
• Deleting a database- mysql> DROP database abc;
• To remove table- mysql> drop table abctable;
• After we have created the database we use the USE statement to
change the current database- mysql> USE myschool;
• Creating a table in the database- mysql> CREATE TABLE student
(lastname varchar(15), firstname varchar(15), city varchar(20), class
char(2));
• The command DESCRIBE is used to view the structure of a table-
mysql> DESCRIBE student;
Database commands in MySQL
• To insert new rows into an existing table use the INSERT
command:- mysql>INSERT INTO student
values(‘dwivedi’,’freya’,’Udaipur’,’4’);
• Similarly we can insert multiple records.With the SELECT
command we can retrieve previously inserted rows- mysql>
SELECT * FROM student;
• Selecting rows by using the WHERE clause in the SELECT
command- mysql> SELECT * FROM student WHERE class=“4";
• Selecting specific columns(Projection) by listing their names-
mysql> SELECT first_name, class FROM student;
• To modify or update entries in the table use the UPDATE
command- mysql> UPDATE student SET class=“V" WHERE
firstname= “freya";
 Database commands in MySQL
• Deleting selected rows from a table using the DELETE command- mysql>
DELETE FROM student WHERE firstname=“amar";
• A general form of SELECT is-
SELECT what to select(field name) FROM table(s)
WHERE condition that the data must satisfy;
• Comparison operators are: < ; <= ; = ; != or <> ; >= ; >
• Logical operators are: AND ; OR ; NOT
• Comparison operator for special value NULL: IS
mysql> SELECT * FROM Student WHERE City IS NULL ;
• BETWEEN- to access data in specified range-
mysql> SELECT * FROM Student WHERE class between 4 and 6;
• IN- operator allows us to easily test if the expression in the list of values-
mysql> SELECT * FROM Student WHERE class in (4,5,6);
• Pattern Matching – LIKE Operator - A string pattern can be used in SQL
using the following wild card:
• % Represents a substring in any length
• _ Represents a single character
• Example:
• ‘A%’ represents any string starting with ‘A’ character.
• ‘_ _A’ represents any 3 character string ending with ‘A’.
• ‘_B%’ represents any string having second character ‘B’
• ‘_ _ _’ represents any 3 letter string.
• A pattern is case sensitive and can be used with LIKE operator.
• mysql> SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Name LIKE ‘A%’;
• mysql> SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Name LIKE%Singh%’;
• mysql> SELECT Name, City FROM Student WHERE Class>=8 AND Name
LIKE ‘%Kumar%’ ;
• Ordering Query Result – ORDER BY Clause - A query result can be
orders in ascending (A-Z) or descending (Z-A) order as per any
column. Default is Ascending order. - mysql> SELECT * FROM Student
ORDER BY class;
• To get descending order use DESC key word. - mysql> SELECT * FROM
Student ORDER BY class DESC;
Creating Table with Constraints
The following constraints are commonly used in SQL:
• NOT NULL -It Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value
• UNIQUE - It Ensures that all values in a column are different
• PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely
identifies each row in a table
• FOREIGN KEY - It Uniquely identifies a row/record in another table
• CHECK - It Ensures that all values in a column satisfies a specific condition
• DEFAULT - It Sets a default value for a column when no value is specified
• INDEX - It is Used to create and retrieve data from the database very
quickly
 T
TAN
Creating Table with Constraints
R
PO
IM
• mysql> CREATE TABLE Persons
(ID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255), Age int, City varchar(255) DEFAULT ‘Jaipur’,
CONSTRAINT CHK_Person CHECK (Age>=18));

• mysql> CREATE TABLE Orders (OrderID int NOT NULL, OrderNumber

int NOT NULL, PersonID int, PRIMARY KEY (OrderID), FOREIGN KEY
(PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(ID));
Altering Table

• The SQL ALTER TABLE command is used to add, delete or modify columns in an
existing table. You should also use the ALTER TABLE command to add and drop
various constraints on an existing table.
• The basic syntax of an ALTER TABLE command to add a New Column in an
existing table is as follows:
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;
• The basic syntax of an ALTER TABLE command to DROP COLUMN in an existing
table is as follows:
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;
• The basic syntax of an ALTER TABLE command to change the DATA TYPE of a
column in a table is as follows:
ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;
• The basic syntax of an ALTER TABLE command to add a NOT NULL constraint to a
column in a table is as follows.
ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name datatype NOT NULL;