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Lesson 2-Part of Speech

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Lesson 2-Part of Speech

Uploaded by

silfemi57
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 3:

Part of
Speech
English Grammar
Learning objective :
Why you should learn part of speech in
English ?

Learning parts of speech helps you understand


how different words are used and functioned in
a sentence that it can help you to writing a
good sentence in English and put the
appropriate words in the sentence based on
their each function.

On the other hand; in reading skill,


understanding part of speech help you to easily
identify the main idea within a sentence.
Part of Speech
Part of speech are the smallest
grammatical units:
Adjective, adverb, article, conjunction,
noun, preposition, pronoun and verb.
Followings are some examples of part of speech
analysis in English sentence, look at the
following examples

Although each languange in the world may have a very


distinct set of words and grammar, all of them have
similar “part of speech”

Part of speech analysis based on the sentence


above

Although = conjunction
Languange = noun

(next slide : other examples)


in = preposition
The = article
May = verb
Have =verb
A = article
Very = adverb
Distinct = adjective
and = conjunction
Them = pronoun
Similar = adjective
Speech = noun
1. Part of speech : noun
 Noun refers to a person, place, thing or
idea.
 Noun serve as the subjects, object
or sometimes in the complement.

 Notice that you cannot put the verb in


the place of subject unless it is an
imperative sentence.
examples
a. Noun that is placed in the subject
I help you

b. Noun that is placed the object


He gives a flower (direct object)
He gives me a flower (indirect object)

c. Noun that is placed in the compliment


it is a pen.
Part of Speech
1. Nouns
1.a. Proper Nouns
Proper nouns begin with capital letter in
writing.

It includes names of people, names of


geography units such as countries, cities,
rivers, names of nationality (Christianity,
Moslem, etc), names of holiday (ex:
Thanksgiving day), etc
Concrete or abstract
nouns
Concrete noun
Is a word for a physical object that can be
perceived by the sense- we can see,
touch, smell the object ( ex: flower, girl)

Abstract noun is
A word for concept- it is an idea that exist
in our minds only (beauty, justice,
mankind)
Verb
 Transitive and intransitive verb
 Lingking verb (copula)
 Auxiliary verb (helping verb)
Verb
Some verbs tell what the subject does.

1. Transitive and intransitive verb


In general, these verbs can be grouped as transitive or intransitive.

Intransitive verbs do not have objects, but transitive verb must have
an object.

2. Lingking verb
Other verbs tell what the subject is, feels, etc. these type of verb calls
linking verb. Linking verb connect the subject and the word that gives
information about the subject; therefore, it is called lingking verb

Example of lingking verb: be, appear, become, feel, get, etc

(next slide : examples of verb analysis within a sentence)


Example :

a. She seems happy


Happy give information about the subject; therefore, the word “seem” is
a linking verb because it connects the subject to the information given.

b. He looks rather tired


He= subject
Look = lingking verb
Rather = adverb
Tired = adjective

b. Sam is a dentist
Sam =subject
Is = lingking verb
A = article
Dentist = noun
HELPING VERB (Auxiliary Verb)
 verbs that are used with the main verb to describe a mood or
tense. Mood expresses emotion or feelings statements, it also
indicates the tone of a verb.

Helping verbs indicate shades of meaning that cannot be


expressed by a main verb alone

For example :

He has read new book

The auxiliary verb “has” indicates tense of the sentence. It indicates


perfect tense, which something already done but it still gives effect in
the present.

 Helping verb comes before the main verb ( lexical verb), for
example :
She is eating much
Is = auxiliary verb
Eating = lexical verb ( give the main meaning)
HELPING VERB
Several verb may iether function as
auxiliary verb or main verb, such as do,
have, is, etc.

Example of helping verb :


Did, do, have, had, is , are,am , modal
auxiliary verb ( can, could, shall, etc)
HELPING VERB
Another kind of auxiliary verb is
modal auxiliary verb, such can,
could, may, might, etc.

Modal auxiliary verb is used to express


ideas such as possibility, necessity,
permission, etc.
conjunction
Conjunction is used to combine such units as parts of
speech, phrases, or clauses

For examples:
I’ll inform you if and when he comes.
“and” joins two structural units that are equal
grammatically

“if” and “when” in the above sentence are compound


conjunction that are joined by conjunction “and”

Note: conjunction is sometimes used to joined two


structural units that are equal grammatically
examples
1. The old woman slipped and fell on
the pavement

Conjunction “and” is joining compound


verb of “ slipped” and “fell”

2. The Thief moved quickly and quietly

Conjunction “and” is joining compound


adverb of “quickly” and “quietly”
Adjectives
Adjective is a modifier that has the
grammatical property of comparison.
These modifier mostly follows the noun it
modifies. In some cases, it fills other
position, however.

Function of Adjective is to modify noun


Types of adjective
Articles-the, a-an
Demonstrative adjective-
this, these
That, those

Possesive adjective:
From pronouns: my, your
From nouns : john’s , the girl’s

Numeral adjectives
Cardinal : four, twenty five
Ordinal : fourth, first, etc
Adjectives of indefinite quantity : some, few, all, more, etc.

Relative and interrogative adjectives – whose, what, which


 One or more adjective can modify a
noun. Usually, no more than three or
four
num adjective
Quality are sha
size usedage
to describe
color the noun
origin
ber or pe
same noun
characth
eristic

a beautiful big long new Green italia suit


n

three big long red pencils


adverb
 Adverb modifies verb and adjectives.

 Many adverb are formed by adding –ly to


related adjective ( quick becomes quickly).

 Notice : not all adverb are formed by adding –ly


For example : very, fast, too, well, etc
Further detail, please check your dictionary!

 Following table shows position of adverb within


a sentence when it modifies verb or adjective.
subject verb object adverb Adjectiv
e
(comple
ment)
Modifyi Our speaks slowly
ng verb teacher
they answer The quickly
ed questio
n

Modifyi The test was extrem difficult


ng ely
adjectiv
e
linda seemed terribly unhapp
y
Position of adverb when it functions to modify verb or
adjective

 Adverb can come immmediately after the verb being modified


She speaks slowly

 It is possible to place the adverb before the verb. In this case,


the meaning of the adverb is much stronger.
For example : She clearly explains the definition of loss leader

 In general, adverbs cannot come between a verb and a direct


object.
For example : she sings beautifully a song :INCORRECT
It should be : she sings a song beautifully
Or, she beautifully sings a song.
 Adverb preceed the adjective when
it modifies that adjective
For example
She is very happy
He is pretty handsome
He looks very sad
It seems quite difficult
He seemed terribly unhappy
She is fully excited
Place the adverb –ly between to be and
Verb3 ( past participle)
Adverb modifies adverb
 She finished her food very quickly
 He walked really fast

The modifier preceed the word being


modified

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