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2. Elements of Programming Languages

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2. Elements of Programming Languages

Uploaded by

DAKSI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Elements of

Programming
Languages
Introduction
1. Syntax
2. Variables
3. Data Types
4. Operators
5. Control Structures
6. Functions
7. Classes and Objects
8. Libraries
9. Programming Errors
1. Syntax

• Syntax refers to the rules that define the structure of a


valid statements in a programming language. It
specifies how the code must be written to be
understood by the compiler. Syntax errors occur when
these rules are not followed.
1. Syntax
Example:

• This basic program prints "Hello, World!" and follows the correct C++ syntax.
2. Variables
• Variables are containers that hold data values and are
defined by specifying the data type followed by the
variable name.
3. Data Types
• A data type defines the type of data a variable can
hold, such as integers, floating-point numbers,
characters, etc.

Common Data Types:


• int: Integer values (e.g., 1, 2, 3)
• float/double: Floating-point numbers (e.g., 3.14, 2.718)
• char: Single character (e.g., 'A', 'b')
• bool: Boolean value (true or false)
• string: Sequence of characters (e.g., "Hello")
3. Data Types
Example:
4. Operators
Operators are symbols used to perform operations
on variables and values. They can be classified into:

• Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %
• Relational Operators: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
• Logical Operators: &&, ||, !
• Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=
4. Operators
Example:
5. Control Flow/Control
Structure
Control structures define the
flow of a program. These
include conditionals (if, else if,
else), loops (for, while, do-
while), and switch
statements.
5. Control Flow/Control Structure
Types of Control Structures:

1. Sequential Control Flow


2. Selection (Conditional) Control Flow
3. Iteration (Looping) Control Flow
4. Jump Statements
5. Control Flow/Control Structure
1. Sequential Control Flow - The default mode
where instructions are executed one after the
other in a linear manner.
5. Control Flow/Control Structure
1. Sequential Control Flow - The default mode
where instructions are executed one after the
other in a linear manner.
5. Control Flow/Control Structure
Selection (Conditional) Control Flow - Allows the program to
make decisions and choose different paths based on conditions.

if-else statement is a way for a program to make decisions based


on a condition. It tells the program to do one thing if a condition
is true and something else if the condition is false.
Example:
5. Control Flow/Control Structure
Iteration (Looping) Control Flow - Repeats a block of
code multiple times until a condition is met.

for loop It helps you run the same set of instructions


several times with different values.
Example:
5. Control Flow/Control Structure
Jump Statements - Alters the flow by jumping from one part of the
program to another.

Jump Statements in programming are control flow statements that cause


the execution to "jump" to another part of the program, breaking the
normal sequential flow of control. These statements are used to exit loops,
skip iterations, or return control to a calling function.
Example:
5. Control Flow/Control Structure

A switch statement is a way to handle multiple


possible values for a variable and execute
different blocks of code based on those values.
It’s like having several choices and picking the
right one based on the value of the variable.
5. Control Flow/Control Structure
Example:
6. Functions
Functions are reusable blocks of code that
perform a specific task and can return a
value.

functions have a return type, a name, and


can take parameters.
6. Functions
Example:
7. Classes and Objects

Classes and objects are core concepts in


object-oriented programming (OOP). They
help you organize and manage data and
behavior in a program.
7. Classes and Objects
Example:
7. Libraries
A library in programming is a collection of
pre-written code that you can use to
perform common tasks or add functionality
to your programs without having to write
that code from scratch.
7. Libraries
Libraries provide additional functionality to programs. For
example, the <iostream> library allows for input/output
operations, such as reading and printing data.
Example:
Discussion
Understanding these elements is fundamental
for mastering Program. They form the building
blocks for creating programs of varying
complexity, from simple console applications to
complex systems.
Discussion
• Syntax: Following correct syntax ensures your program is compiled and
run.
• Variables and Data Types: Choosing the right type ensures efficient
memory usage and correct operations.
• Operators: Enable performing calculations and logical comparisons.
• Control Structures: Allow decision-making and repetition in programs.
• Functions: Promote reusability, making code modular and easier to
maintain.
• Classes and Objects: Facilitate object-oriented design, supporting code
reuse and abstraction.
• Libraries: Extend the capabilities of your program by providing pre-
written code for common tasks.

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