Allocate and Level

Project
Resources
Resource Allocation: Defined

Resource Allocation is the scheduling

of
activities and the resources required by those
activities while taking into consideration both
the resource availability and the project time.
 Resource Allocation: Defined
 Resource allocation permits efficient use of physical assets
– Within a project, or across multiple projects
– Drives both the identification of resources, and timing of their
application
 There are generally two conditions for allocating resources:
– “Normal” Most likely task duration
– “Crashed” Expedite an activity, by applying
additional resources to with cost considerations
 Specialized or additional equipment/material
 Extra labor (e.g., borrowed staff, temps)
 More hours (e.g., overtime, weekends)
 Resource Levelling: Defined
Resource leveling is a technique used to examine unbalanced use
of resources (usually people or equipment) over time, and for
resolving over-allocations or conflicts resulting from scheduling
certain tasks simultaneously. Such conflicts are:
 more resources such as machines or people are needed than
are available, or
 a specific person is needed in both tasks, the tasks will have to
be rescheduled concurrently or even sequentially to manage
the constraint.
It is used to balance the workload of primary resources over the
course of the project[s], usually at the expense of one of the
traditional triple constraints (time, cost, scope).
Why Resource Allocations and Leveling is important?
 To complete and finalize project schedule for completion of the project at maximum
efficiency of time and cost (Project network times are not a schedule until resources
have been assigned because the basic PERT/CPM procedures are limited in the sense
that resource availabilities are not considered in the scheduling process. The
procedures assume that available resources are unlimited).
 To smooth the use of resources for better assignment and levelling of Manpower,
equipment, materials, subcontractors, and information (better managing of
resource utilization over the life of the project)
 To estimate cost properly for finding optimum project budget (money resource) and
close management control (cost and a budget can not developed until they have been
time-phased with resources assigned)
 To schedule resource constraints properly to take care of shortage of resources
(duration of a project may be increased by delaying the late start of some of its
activities if resources are not adequate to meet peak demands)
 Objective of Resource Planning

The basic objective of resource management is to suppl

y
and support field operations with the resources
required
so that established time objectives can be met and costs can
be kept within the budget.
Hence, the goal is to optimize use of limited resources
This Requires making trade-offs
 time constrained
 resource constrained
 How limited resources affect schedule slack?
Assume that activities “C” and “G” each require the use of a special
piece of equipment, such a hoist crane. But only one crane is
available.
3 0 9 9 0 13
C I
3 6 9 9 4 13
0 0 3
A
0 3 3
3 5 5 5 5 8 13 0 15 15 0 18 18 0 18
D E J K FINISH
0 0 8 2 10 3 13 13 2 15 15 3 18 18 0 18
0 10
START
0 5 5 8
F
0 10 3 13

ES TF EF
0 0 4 5 5 4 9 9 4
14 Activity
B G
H LS D LF
4 5 9 9 4
13 13 5 18 Resources
 How limited resources affect schedule slack?
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

C 1 1 1 1 1 1

G 1 1 1 1

R 1 1 2 2 2 2
 How limited resources affect schedule slack?
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 1 1 1 1 1
B
I

K
 How limited resources affect schedule slack?
The direct result of this resource constraint is that activities “C” and
“G” can not be performed simultaneously as indicated by the ES time-
only schedule. One or the other of the activities in each pair must be
given priority.

In general, the following is true:

 Resource constraints reduce the total amount of schedule slack.

 Slack depends both upon activity relationships and resource

limitations.

 The critical path in resource-constrained schedule may not be the

same continuous chain(s) of activities as occurring in the unlimited
resources schedule.
Project Resource Requirement

Project Resource Requirement = Resource Loading Diagram

= Resource Histogram = Resource Profile and S curve

We need:
 Project network.
 Resource requirement for each activity.
 Bar chart or time-scaled network.

We make:
 Resource loading diagram (a diagram that highlights the
period-by-period resource implications of a particular
project schedule).
 Period-by-period total requirements of units of resources.
 Cumulative resource requirement curve (S curve).
Resource Loading Diagram

3 0 9 9 0 13

C I

3 6 9 9 4 13
0 0 3
3R 3R
A

0 3 3
3 5 5 5 5 8 13 0 15 15 0 18 18 0 18

3R D E J K FINISH

0 0 0 8 2 10 3 13 13 2 15 15 3 18 18 0
10 18
START
4R 2R 4R 5R 0R
0 0
0 5 5 8
0R
F

10 3 13

1R ES TF EF
0 4 5 5 4 9 9 4
14 Activity
B G
H LS D LF
4 5 9 9 4
13 13 5 18
Resource Type
2R 3R 2R
R
 3 0 9 9 0
C 13
0 0 3 3 6 9 I

Resource Loading Diagram based on

A 3 R 9 4
0 3 3 3 5 5 13 15 0 18 18 0 18
13 0
D 3R K
3R 15 J FINISH
0 0 0 8 2 5 5 8 13 2 15 3 18 18 0
START 10 E 154 R 5R 18

ES
0 0 4 R 10 3 0R
0 13
0R 2R
0 4 5 5 4 9 5 5 8 ESTF EF
F 9 4
B G Activity
14 H

schedule
4 5 9 9 4 10 3 13 5 LS D LF
13 13 Resource
2R 182 R
1R Type R
3R

Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Activity
A 3 3 3
C 3 3 3 3 3 3
I 3 3 3 3
J 4 4
K 5 5 5
B 2 2 2 2 2
G 3 3 3 3
H 2 2 2 2 2
D 4 4
E 2 2 2
F 1 1 1

R 5 5 5 9 9 9 9 9 6 5 5 5 5 6 4 5 5 5
ΣR 5 10 15 24 33 42 51 60 66 71 76 81 86 92 96 101 106 111
R2
25 25 25 81 81 81 81 81 36 25 25 25 25 36 16 25 25 25
ΣR2 25 50 75 156 237 318 399 480 516 541 566 591 616 652 668 693 718
10aaa 743
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Resource Loading Diagram = Resource Histogram
1
 3 0 9 9 0

Resource Loading Diagram

C 13
0 0 3 3 6 9 I
A 3 R 9 4
0 3 3 3 5 5 13 13 0 15 18 0 18
15 0
D 3R J
3R 18 K FINISH
0 0 0

based on LS schedule
8 2 5 5 8 13 2 15 15 3 18 0
START 10 E 4R 185 R 18
0 0 4 R 10 3 0R
0 13
0R 2R
0 4 5 5 4 9 5 5 8 9 4 14 ESTF EF
B G F H Activity
4 5 9 9 4 10 3 13 5 18 LS D LF
13 13 Resource
2R 1R 2R
3R Type R
Time
Activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A 3 3 3
C 3 3 3 3 3 3
I 3 3 3 3
J 4 4
K 5 5 5
B 2 2 2 2 2
G 3 3 3 3
H 2 2 2 2 2
D 4 4

E 2 2 2

F 1 1 1

R 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 9 9 9 6 7 7 7
ΣR 3 6 9 12 17 22 27 32 37 47 57 66 75 84 90 97 104 111
R2
9 9 9 9 25 25 25 25 25 100 100 81 81 81 36 49 49 49
ΣR2 9 18 27 36 61 86 111 136 161 261 361 442 523 604 640 689 738
10
787
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
Resource Loading Diagram = Resource Histogram
2
1
Cumulative Resource Requirement Curve
Cumulative resource requirement curve (S-curve) may be
used for:
 Planning and Control of progress
 Preliminary resource allocation
 Resource Constraint “Criticality”
1.Average Daily Requirement
Avg. daily requirement = 111 / 18 = 6.2 units/day DR 
D
A

Suppose the analyzed resource is available at a maximum T

where;
level of 7 units/day.
DR  Avg. daily
 126 units could be expended over the 18-day project requirement
T  Total unit of
A

duration, which is more than 111 units.  Project delay is resources

unlikely.. D  Project duration
2.Resource Criticality Index
 Criticality index = 6.2/7.0 = 0.88 < 1
 project on time DR
Suppose the analyzed resource is available at a maximum I
A

 A max

where;
I  Criticality index
C

level of 6 units/day. C

DR  avg. daily units

 Criticality index = 6.2/6.0 = 1.03 > 1  project will req’d
delay A  max. am’t avail.
Max
A

Daily
In 18 days a total of only 108 units are will be expended
Resource Constraint “Criticality”

2. Resource Criticality Index

 Values of resource criticality index significantly

below
1.0 typically are associated with non-constraining
resources, while values around and above 1.0
indicate that project delays beyond the original
critical path duration will be encountered.
 Higher of criticali index
associated
values resource critical
ty (i.e., most
are
with
constrained) the mosttightly
resources.
 Resource Leveling and Allocation

Scheduling Procedures
for Dealing with
Resource Constraints

Resource Leveling Fixed-limits Resource Scheduling

(Resource Smoothing) (Limited Resource Allocation)
Resource Leveling (Smoothing)

Main Aspects
 Sufficient total resources are available
 Project must be completed by a specified due date
 It is desirable or necessary to reduce the amount of
variability (peak and valley) in the pattern of resource
usage over the project duration.
 The objective is to level, as much as possible, the demand for
each specific resource during the life of the project.
 Project duration is not allowed to increase in this case.
Fixed Resource Limits Scheduling

Main Aspects
 Also often called constrained-resource scheduling, or limited
resource allocation
 Much more common
 There are definite limitations on the amount of
available to carry out the project (or projects) under
resources
consideration.
 Project duration may increase beyond the initial
duration determined by the usual “time only” CPM
 calculations.
The scheduling objective is equivalent to minimizing the
duration of the project (or projects) being scheduled, subject to
stated constraints on available resources.
Basic General Approach

The basic general approach followed in both resource

leveling and fixed resource limits scheduling is similar:

 Set activity priorities according to some criterion and

then

 Schedule activities in the order determined, as soon as

their predecessors are completed and adequate
resources are available
 Resource Leveling (Smoothing)

 Resource leveling techniques provide a means of distributing

resource usage over time to minimize the period-by-period
variations in manpower, equipment, or money expended.

 The essential idea of resource leveling centers about the

rescheduling of activities within the limits of available float
to achieve better distribution of resource usage.

 A systematic procedure for leveling resources was developed

by Burgess.

 Burgess method utilized a simple measure of effectiveness

given by the sum of the squares of the resource
requirements for each “day” (period) in the project schedule.
 Resource Leveling (Smoothing)

 While the sum of daily resource requirements over the project

duration is constant for all complete schedule, the sum of the
squares of the daily requirements decreases as the peaks and
valleys are leveled.

 The measure of effectiveness reaches a Eff  ( DR)  D

2

where;
minimum for a schedule that is level and
Eff  Effectiveness
equals =
DR  Average daily
requirement
D  Project duration
Resource Average daily resource requirement
Unit (Avg. R)

Time
 Burgess Leveling Procedure
Step 1. List the project activities in order of precedence. Add to this
listing the duration, early start, and float (slack) values for each
activity.

Step 2. Starting with the last activity, schedule it period by period to

give the lowest sum of squares of resource requirements for each
time unit. If more than one schedule gives the same total sum of
squares, then schedule the activity as late as possible to get as
much slack as possible in all preceding activities.

Step 3. Holding the last activity fixed, repeat Step 2 on the next to the
last activity in the network, taking advantage of any slack that
may have been made available to it by the rescheduling in Step 2.

Step 4. Continue Step 3 until the first activity in the list has been
considered; this completes the first rescheduling cycle.
 Burgess Leveling Procedure
Step 5. Carry out additional rescheduling cycles by repeating Steps 2
through 4 until no further reduction in the total sum of squares
of resource requirements is possible, noting that only
movement of an activity to the right (schedule later) is
permissible under this scheme.

Step 6. If this resource is particularly critical, repeat Steps 1 through

5 on a different ordering of the activities. which, of course,
must still list the activities in order of precedence.
Step 7. Choose the best schedule of those obtained in Steps 5 and 6.

Step 8. Make final adjustments to the schedule chosen in Step 7,

taking into account factors not considered in the basic
scheduling procedure.
 Application of Burgess Procedure (initial)
Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Activity
A 3 3 3
C 3 3 3 3 3 3
I 3 3 3 3
J 4 4
K 5 5 5
B 2 2 2 2 2
G 3 3 3 3
H 2 2 2 2 2
D 4 4
E 2 2 2
F 1 1 1

R 5 5 5 9 9 9 9 9 6 5 5 5 5 6 4 5 5 5
ΣR 5 10 15 24 33 42 51 60 66 71 76 81 86 92 96 101 106 111
R2 25 25 25 81 81 81 81 81 36 25 25 25 25 36 16 25 25 25
ΣR2 25 50 75 156 237 318 399 480 516 541 566 591 616 652 668 693 718 743
10aaa
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
Resource Loading Diagram = Resource Histogram
2
1
 Application of Burgess Procedure
Start with Delay activity “H” one period
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A 3 3 3
C

3 3 3 3 3 3
I

B
3 3 3 3
J

4 4

K 5 5 5
2 2 2 2 2
G

D 3 3 3 3

Delay activity “H” one periodH  R2 = 747

2 2 2 2 2

4 4

E 2 2 2
 Application of Burgess Procedure

with Delay activity “H” 2 periods

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A 3 3 3
C

3 3 3 3 3 3
I

B 3 3 3 3
J

4 4

K 5 5 5
2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3
D

Delay activity “H” 2 periods

H
  R2 = 755
2 2 2 2 2

4 4

E 2 2 2
 Application of Burgess Procedure

with Delay activity “H” 3 periods

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A 3 3 3
C

3 3 3 3 3 3
I

B
3 3 3 3
J

4 4

K 5 5 5
2 2 2 2 2
G

3 3 3 3
D

Delay activity “H” 3 periods H  R2 = 763

2 2 2 2 2

4 4

E 2 2 2
 Application of Burgess Procedure

with Delay activity “H” 4 periods

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

A 3 3 3
C 3 3 3 3 3 3
I 3 3 3 3
J 4 4

K 5 5 5

B 2 2 2 2 2
G 3 3 3 3
H 2 2 2 2 2

D 4 4

E 2 2 2
1 1 1

F
R 5 5 5 9 9 9 9 9 6 3 3 3 3 6 6 7 7 7
R2 25 25 25 81 81 81 81 81 36 9 9 9 9 36 36 49 49 49

Delay activity “H” 4 periods   R2 = 771

Hence,  Lowest  R2 = 747 with Delay activity “H” 1 period
Application of Burgess Procedure

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

A 3 3 3
C

3 3 3 3 3 3
I
B
3 3 3 3
J

4 4

K
5 5 5
2 2 2 2 2
G

The result D= Delay activity “H”3 one period   R = 747

2
3 3 3
H

2 2 2 2 2
4 4
 Application of Burgess Procedure
Start Delay activity “G” 1 period
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

A 3 3 3
C

3 3 3 3 3 3
I
B

3 3 3 3
J

4 4

K
5 5 5
2 2 2 2 2
Delay activity “H” oneG period & Delay activity “G” one period   R2 = 729
D
3 3 3 3

H 2 2 2 2 2
 Application of Burgess Procedure

Continue Delay activities of non critical

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

A 3 3 3
C 3 3 3 3 3 3

I 3 3 3 3

J 4 4

B K
5 5 5
2 2 2 2 2
G

Delay activity “H” 1 period, Delay activity “G” 1 period, Delay activity “F” 2
periods, Delay activity “E” 5 periods,
3 3
and
3
Delay
3
activity “D” 2 periods   R2 = 715
H 2 2 2 2 2
4 4

E 2 2 2

1 1 1
 Application of Burgess Procedure

Minimum values results are:

Sequence of major moves of the first

rescheduling cycle:
Delay activity “H” one period   R2 = 747
Delay activity “G” one period   R2 = 729
Delay activity “F” two periods   R2 = 727
Delay activity “E” five periods   R2 = 723
Estimated Method
Resource Leveling within the limits of available Floats

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A 3 3 3
C 3 3 3 3 3 3
C
I 3 3 3 3
I
J 4 4
J
K 5 5 5
K 2 2 2 2 2
G 3 3 3 3
B H 2 2 2 2 2
D 4 4
G E 2 2 2
F 1 1 1
H

E
F
 First Trial
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3

I
B

3 3 3 3

4 4

K 5 5 5

2 2 2 2 2
Delay activity “H” 4 periods & DelayG activity
3 3 “G”
3 43 period   R2 = 717
H 2 2 2 2 2
D 4 4

E 2 2 2
 Second Trial
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

A 3 3 3
C

3 3 3 3 3 3
I
B

3 3 3 3
J

4 4
K

Delay activity
2 2
“H”
2
4
2
periods,
2
Delay activity “G” 4 periods, Delay activity
5 5
“E”
5
2
periods, Delay activity “F” 2 periods, and Delay3 activity3 “D” 2 periods   R =
2
G 3 3

703 H 2 2 2 2 2
D 4 4
E 2 2 2
F 1 1 1
 Another Trial
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

A 3 3 3
C

3 3 3 3 3 3
I
B

3 3 3 3
J

4 4
K

Delay activity “H” 4 periods, Delay activity “G” 4 periods, Delay 5activity
5 5“F” 5

periods,2 Delay
2
activity
2 2
“E”
2
2 periods, and
G
Delay
3 3
activity
3 3
“D” 2 periods   R 2=

703 H 2 2 2 2 2
D 4 4
E 2 2 2
F 1 1 1
 Example 2 Data for small project is listed
below:
Activity Depends on Duration Resource Rate Activity Depends on Duration Resource Rate
A  2 4 F D 2 2
B  1 2 G D 1 1
C A 1 2 E D 1 1
D B, C 4 6
1. Draw Early Start Time-scaled schedule and calculate the corresponding
resource.
used 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A. C D F
4R 2R 6R 2R
B. 2R G

1R
E

6R 4R 2R 6R 6R 6R 6R 1R
4R 2R
36 52 56 92 128 164 200 216 220 R2

2. Perform 2 trials Resource Leveling. Also, specify which one of the two trials
Time- scaled schedules is the final schedule and why..
Example 2 (First Trial)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10

A C D F
4R 2R 6R 2R
B G
2R 1R
E
1R

4R 4R 4R 6R 6R 6R 6R 4R 2R
16 32 48 84 120 156 192 208 212
R 2
 Example 2 (Second Trial)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
F
A C D 2R
G
4R 2R
1R
6R B
2R E
1R

4R 4R 4R 6R 6R 6R 6R 3R
3R
16 32 48 84 120 156 192
210 R2
201

The 2nd trial schedule is the best

Resource Leveling result because it has lowest R2.
Limited Resource Allocation
START

Set ES of the START activity equals 1, calculate initial early start (ES) and late start (LS)
time for each activity in the project, and set time now equal to 1, i.e., T = 1.

Determine the initial eligible activity set (EAS), i.e., those activities with ES ≤ T and with all
predecessor activities completed.

From among the members of the current EAS, determine the ordered scheduling set (OSS) of
activities, i.e., activities with ES ≤ T, ordered according to LS with smallest values first and
within this characteristic, according to least activity duration first.

Consider the activities in OSS in the order listed and schedule those activities for which
sufficient resources are available for the duration of the activity. As activities are scheduled
update the level of resources available, and update the members of EAS.

Have all activities been scheduled, i.e., is EAS an STOP

Yes
empty set?
No

Set Tnew= Told + 1 and compute new ES times for the updated EAS.
 Example
The work of a small engineering project is planned according to the AON shown below.
The labour requirement of each activity is shown below each activity box. What will be the
minimum contract duration if no more than 6 labours can be made available for the work
and if it is assumed that having started an activity it must be completed without a break?

2 3 8 1
B E H Y

2 1 2 3

3 4 5 2 5
A C F Z X

4 3 3 2 1

5 7 ES EF
D G Activity Description

LS D LF
5 4 Required Labour
Example

3 2 5 7 3 10 10 8 18 18 1 19
B E H Y
5 2 7 7 0 10 10 0 18 18 0 19
2 1 2 3

0 3 3 3 4 7 8 5 13 15 2 17 19 5 24
A C F Z X
0 0 3 3 0 7 12 4 17 17 2 19 19 0 24
4 3 3 2 1

3 5 8 8 7 15 ES D EF
D G Ac tivity De s c riptio
n

5 2 10 10 2 17 LS TF LF
5 4 Required Labour
EST
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
A 4 4 4
C 3 3 3 3
E 1 1 1
H 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Y 3
X 1 1 1 1 1
B 2 2
D 5 5 5 5 5
F 3 3 3 3 3
G 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Z 2 2

R
R
4
4
4
8
4 10 10
12 22 32
8
40
8
48
6
54
8
62
8
70
9
79
9
88
9
97
6
103
6
109
4
113
4
117
2
119
3
122
1
123
1
124
1
125
1
126
1
127
DR =(R/D)
16
16
16
32
16 100 100
48 148 248
64
312
64
376
36
412
64
476
64
540
81
621
81
702
81
783
36
819
36
855
16
871
16
887
4
891
9
900
1
901
1
902
1
903
1
904
1
905
=
LST 127/24 = 5.292
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
A
C
4 4 4
3 3 3 3 Eff =DR2*D =
E
H
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (5.291)2*24 =
Y
X
3
1 1 1 1 1
5.292 =672.042
B 2 2
D 5 5 5 5 5
F 3 3 3 3 3
G 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Z 2 2

R 4 4 4 3 3 10 10 6 6 6 6 6 9 9 9 9 9 4 5 1 1 1 1 1
R 4 8 12 15 18 28 38 44 50 56 62 68 77 86 95 104 113 117 122 123 124 125 126 127
16 16 16 9 9 100 100 36 36 36 36 36 81 81 81 81 81 16 25 1 1 1 1 1
16 32 48 57 66 166 266 302 338 374 410 446 527 608 689 770 851 867 892 893 894 895 896 897
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
EAS

OSS

Daily R
T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
EAS A B D D D D H H H F F F F F F F Y Z X
C E F
G
D
OSS A C D G F Y Z X
B E H
F
D
A
4 4 4 C
3 3 3 3
B
2 2 D
5 5 5 5 5
E
1 1 1 G
4 4 4 4 4 4 4

H
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

F
3 3 3 3 3

Y
3 Z
2 2
X
1 1 1 1 1

R 4 4 4 5 5 3 3 6 6 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
R 4 4 4 5 5 3 3 6 6 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
R 4 8 12 17 22 25 28 34 40 46 51 56 62 68 74 80 86 92 98 103 109 112 115 118 120 122 123 124 125 126 127
R2 16 16 16 25 25 9 9 36 36 36 25 25 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 25 36 9 9 9 4 4 1 1 1 1 1
16 32 48 73 98 107 116 152 188 224 249 274 310 346 382 418 454 490 526 551 587 596 605 614 618 622 623 624 625 626 627
Another Procedure
Step 1: T = 1 Step 5: T = 20
ES ≤ 1 ES ≤ 20
E.A.S. {A} E.A.S. {F}
O.S.S. {A} O.S.S. {F}
Step 2: T = 4 Step 6: T = 21
ES ≤ 4 ES ≤ 21
E.A.S. {B, C, E.A.S. {Y}
D}
LS 6, 4, 6 O.S.S. {Y}
D 2, 4, 5
O.S.S. {C, B, D}
Step 3: T = 8 Step 7: T = 25
ES ≤ 8 ES ≤ 25
E.A.S. {E, D} E.A.S. {Z}
LS 8, 6 O.S.S. {Z}
O.S.S. {D, E}
Step 4: T = 13 Step 8:T = 27
ES ≤ 13 ES ≤ 27
E.A.S. {H, F, E.A.S. {X}
G}
LS 11,13, 11 O.S.S. {X}
D 8, 5, 7
O.S.S. {G, H, F}
Another Procedure
T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
A
4 4 4 C
3 3 3 3
B
2 2 D
5 5 5 5 5
E
1 1 1 G
4 4 4 4 4 4 4

H
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

F
3 3 3 3 3

Y
3 Z
2 2
X
1 1 1 1 1

R 4 4 4 5 5 3 3 6 6 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1