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Session 3 AI

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20 views21 pages

Session 3 AI

Uploaded by

Sushil Azad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Session -3: AI

Prof. Sushil Kumar Azad

School of Engineering & Technology


K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram (Haryana)
Reference(s):

Book
Artificial Intelligence, A Modern Approach
Russell & Norvig,Prentice Hall
Third edition
AI Examples
Deep Blue Machine
What is the definition of AI?

• What do you Think?


What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think rationally
humans
Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally
What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think rationally
humans
Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally

Bellman, 1978
“[The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking,
activities such as decision making, problem solving, learning”
What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think rationally
humans
Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally

Charniak & McDermott, 1985


“The study of mental faculties through the use of computational
models”
What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think rationally
humans
Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally

Dean et al., 1995


“The design and study of computer programs that behave intelligently.
These programs are constructed to perform as would a human or an
animal whose behavior we consider intelligent”
What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think rationally
humans
Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally

Haugeland, 1985
“The exciting new effort to make computers think machines with
minds, in the full and literal sense”
What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think rationally
humans
Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally

Kurzweil, 1990
“The art of creating machines that perform functions that require
intelligence when performed by people”
What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think rationally
humans
Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally

Luger & Stubblefield, 1993


“The branch of computer science that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behavior”
What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think rationally
humans
Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally

Nilsson, 1998
“Many human mental activities such as writing computer programs,
doing mathematics, engaging in common sense reasoning,
understanding language, and even driving an automobile, are said to
demand intelligence. We might say that [these systems] exhibit
artificial intelligence”
Approach 1: Acting Humanly
• Turing test: ultimate test for acting humanly
• Computer and human both interrogated by judge
• Computer passes test if judge can’t tell the difference
How effective is this test?
• Agent must:
• Have command of language
• Have wide range of knowledge
• Demonstrate human traits (humor, emotion)
• Be able to reason
• Be able to learn
• Loebner prize competition is modern version of Turing
Test
• Example: Alice, Loebner prize winner for 2000 and 2001
Chinese Room Argument

Imagine you are sitting in a room with a library of rule books, a bunch of blank exercise books,
and a lot of writing utensils. Your only contact with the external world is through two slots in
the wall labeled ``input'' and ``output''. Occasionally, pieces of paper with Chinese characters
come into your room through the ``input'' slot. Each time a piece of paper comes in through
the input slot your task is to find the section in the rule books that matches the pattern of
Chinese characters on the piece of paper. The rule book will tell you which pattern of
characters to inscribe the appropriate pattern on a blank piece of paper. Once you have
inscribed the appropriate pattern according to the rule book your task is simply to push it out
the output slot.

By the way, you don't understand Chinese, nor are you aware that the symbols that you are
manipulating are Chinese symbols.

In fact, the Chinese characters which you have been receiving as input have been questions
about a story and the output you have been producing has been the appropriate, perhaps
even "insightful," responses to the questions asked. Indeed, to the outside questioners your
output has been so good that they are convinced that whoever (or whatever) has been
producing the responses to their queries must be a native speaker of, or at least extremely
fluent in, Chinese.
Do you understand Chinese?

• Searle says NO
• What do you think?
• Is this a refutation of the possibility of AI?
• The Systems Reply
• The individual is just part of the overall system, which does
understand Chinese
• The Robot Reply
• Put same capabilities in a robot along with perceiving,
talking, etc. This agent would seem to have genuine
understanding and mental states.
Approach 2: Thinking Humanly

• Requires knowledge of brain function


• What level of abstraction?
• How can we validate this
• This is the focus of Cognitive Science
Approach 3: Thinking Rationally

• Aristotle attempted this


• What are correct arguments or thought processes?
• Provided foundation of much of AI
• Not all intelligent behavior controlled by logic
• What is our goal? What is the purpose of thinking?
Approach 4: Acting Rationally

• Act to achieve goals, given set of beliefs


• Rational behavior is doing the “right thing”
• Thing which expects to maximize goal achievement
• This is approach adopted by Russell & Norvig

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