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Changing Reaction Rates

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Rates of reaction
Why are some reactions faster than others?

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Reactions, particles and collisions
Reactions take place when particles collide with a
certain amount of energy.

The minimum amount of energy needed for the particles


to react is called the activation energy, and is different
for each reaction.

The rate of a reaction depends on two things:


 the frequency of collisions between particles

 the energy with which particles collide.

If particles collide with less energy than the activation


energy, they will not react. The particles will just bounce
off each other.

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Graphing rates of reaction

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Calculating rate of reaction from graphs
How can the rate of reaction be calculated from a graph?
hydrogen produced (cm3)
70
60
50 x
40 rate of reaction = y
30 x
20 y
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
time (seconds)
The gradient of the graph is equal to the initial rate of
reaction at that time
rate of reaction = 45 cm3 rate of reaction = 2.25 cm3/s
20 s
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Changing the rate of reactions
Anything that increases the number of successful collisions
between reactant particles will speed up a reaction.

What factors affect the rate of reactions?

 increased temperature

 increased concentration of
dissolved reactants, and increased
pressure of gaseous reactants

 increased surface area of


solid reactants

 use of a catalyst.

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Slower and slower
Reactions do not proceed at a steady rate. They start off at
a certain speed, then get slower and slower until they stop.
As the reaction progresses, the concentration of
reactants decreases.
This reduces the frequency of collisions between particles
and so the reaction slows down.

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%


reactants
percentage completion of reaction
product
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Temperature and collisions
How does temperature affect the rate of particle collision?

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Effect of temperature on rate
The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of a reaction.
In many reactions, a rise in temperature of 10 °C causes the
rate of reaction to approximately double.
Why does increased temperature
increase the rate of reaction?
At a higher temperature, particles
have more energy. This means
they move faster and are more
likely to collide with other particles.
When the particles collide, they
do so with more energy, and so
the number of successful
collisions increases.
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Temperature and particle collisions

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How does temperature affect rate?
The reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric
acid produces sulfur.

sodium hydrochloric sodium sulfur


thiosulfate + acid
 chloride + dioxide + sulfur + water

Na2S2O3 2HCl 2NaCl SO2 S H 2O


(aq)
+ (aq)

(aq) + (g)
+ (s) + (l)

Sulfur is solid and so it turns the solution cloudy.

How can this fact be used to measure the effect of


temperature on rate of reaction?

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The effect of temperature on rate

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Effect of concentration on rate of reaction
The higher the concentration of a dissolved reactant, the
faster the rate of a reaction.
Why does increased concentration increase the rate
of reaction?
At a higher concentration, there are more particles in the
same amount of space. This means that the particles are
more likely to collide and therefore more likely to react.

lower concentration higher concentration


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Concentration and particle collisions

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The effect of concentration on rate

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Effect of pressure on rate of reaction
Why does increasing the pressure of gaseous reactants
increase the rate of reaction?
As the pressure increases, the space in which the gas
particles are moving becomes smaller.
The gas particles become closer together, increasing the
frequency of collisions. This means that the particles are more
likely to react.

lower pressure higher pressure


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Effect of surface area on rate of reaction
Any reaction involving a solid can only take place at the
surface of the solid.
If the solid is split into several pieces, the surface
area increases. What effect will this have on rate of reaction?

low surface area high surface area


This means that there is an increased area for the reactant
particles to collide with.
The smaller the pieces, the larger the surface area.
This means more collisions and a greater chance of reaction.

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Surface area and particle collisions

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Reaction between a carbonate and acid
Marble chips are made of calcium carbonate. They react
with hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide.

calcium hydrochloric calcium carbon


carbonate + acid

chloride + water + dioxide

CaCO3 2HCl CaCl2 H2O CO2


+ (aq)
 + +
(s) (aq) (l) (g)

The effect of increased surface area on the rate of reaction


can be measured by comparing how quickly the mass of the
reactants decreases using marble chips of different sizes.

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The effect of surface area on rate

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Rate of reaction summary

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Anagrams

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Glossary

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Multiple-choice quiz

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