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Lecture 12 Biomaterials

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18 views19 pages

Lecture 12 Biomaterials

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accescorbic
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BIOMATERIALS

Lecture-12 Introduction to
BME

Credits: 2023-BME-107,131,124,135
OBJECTIVES
 Introduction  Challenges
 Definition  Future scope
 History  References
 Uses
 Characteristics
 Types
 Uses of Materials
 Biomaterial involved in the
body
 Examples
 Host reaction to biomaterial
Introductio

nBiomaterials are manmade substances that interact
with biological systems to provide medical purposes.

 They are crucial in sectors such as medical devices,


drug delivery, and tissue engineering, where they strive to improve
OR replace biological processes.

 Biocompatibility and bioactivity are important


properties of materials generated from natural sources, synthetics,
OR composites.
Definitions
 [Hench and Erthridge, 1982,]
“ Biomaterial is used to make devices to replace a
part or a function of the body in a safe, reliable, economic and
physiologically acceptable manner.”

 [Bruce, 1980]
“ Materials of synthetic as well as of natural origin in
contact with tissue, blood, and biological fluids, and intended for use
for prosthetic, diagnostic, therapeutic, and storage applications
without adversely affecting the living organism and its components.”
History
 Romans, Chinese, and Aztecs used gold in dentistry over 2000

years ago, Cu not good.


 Ivory & wood teeth
 Aseptic surgery 1860 (Lister)
 Bone plates 1900, joints 1930
 Turn of the century, synthetic plastics came into use
 WWII, shards of PMMA unintentionally got lodged into eyes of
aviators
 Parachute cloth used for vascular prosthesis
 1960-polyethylene and stainless steel being used for hip implants.
Uses of Biomaterials
 Replace diseased part – dialysis
 Assist in healing – sutures
 Improve function – contacts
 Correct function - spinal rods
 Correct cosmetic-nose, ear
 Aid dx – probe
 Aid tx-catheter
 Replace rotten – amalgam
 Replace dead - skin
Characteristics
 Physical Requirements

 Hard Materials.
 Flexible Material.

 Chemical Requirements

 Must not react with any tissue in the body.


 Must be non-toxic to the body
 Long-term replacement must not be biodegradable.
Types
There are two types common types of biomaterials.
Biomaterial in the
body
Examples
 Dental Implants
 Intraocular Lenses
 Vascular grafts
 Heart valve
 Hip replacements
 Joint replacements
 Cochlear replacements
 Hearing loss implants
 Ligaments
Heart Valves
 Heart valves can be made of materials like pyrolytic
carbon (for mechanical valves).

 Or biological tissues such as porcine or bovine


pericardial tissue (for biological valves).

 Mechanical valves, often housing titanium, offer


durability but require anticoagulation.

 Biological valves, derived from animal or human


tissue, are less clot-prone but may have a limited lifespan.
 Attached by polyester Mesh

 Bileaflet tilting disc mechanical valve

 More than 45,000 replacement valves implanted every year in united states.
Dental Implants
 Small titanium fixture that serves as
the replacement for the root portion of a
missing natural tooth.

 Implant is placed in the bone of the


upper or lower jaw and allowed to bond
with the bone.

 Most dental implants are: pure titanium


screw-shaped cylinders that act as roots
for crowns and bridges, or as supports
for dentures.
 Capable of bonding to bone, a
phenomenon known as
"osseointegration“
 Bio-inert, there is no reaction in tissue
and no rejection or allergic reactions.
Intraocular
Lenses
 IOLs (intraocular lenses) are clear,
artificial lenses that replace your eye's
natural ones.

 By age 75 more than 50% of


population suffers from cataracts

 Made of PMM, silicone elastomer,


and other materials.

 Good vision is generally restored


almost immediately after lens is
inserted.

 You receive IOLs during cataract


surgery and refractive lens exchange.

 IOL implants correct a range of


vision issues, including nearsightedness
and age-related farsightedness
Hip-
Replacements
 Hip replacement is a surgical
procedure in which the hip joint is
replaced by a prosthetic implant, that is,
a hip prosthesis.

 Hip replacement surgery can be


performed as a total replacement or a
hemi/semi replacement

 Most Common Medical Practice


Using Biomaterials.

 Corrosion Resistant high-strength


Metal Alloys.

 Very High Molecular Weight


Polymers.

 Thermoset Plastics.
Host reaction to biomaterials

 Thrombosis

 Hemolysis

 Inflammation

 Infection and Sterilization

 Carcinogenesis

 Hypersensitivity

 Systemic Effects
Challenges
 To more closely replicate complex tissue architecture and
arrangement in vitro.

 To better understand extracellular and intracellular


modulators of cell function.

 To develop novel materials and processing techniques that


are compatible with biological interfaces.

 To find better strategies for immune acceptance.


Future scope
The future of biomaterials will likely involve interdisciplinary
collaboration, combining expertise in materials science,
biology, engineering, and medicine.

As research progresses, the development of innovative


biomaterials is expected to contribute significantly to
advancing healthcare and improving patient outcomes.

In the future, robots are likely to aid in precision


manufacturing of biomaterials, ensuring consistency and
accuracy in complex processes like 3D printing for customized
implants.

The future of biomaterials involves advancing personalized


medicine through tailored implants and drug delivery systems,
optimizing treatment outcomes.

Integration of smart biomaterials with real-time monitoring


capabilities is anticipated, enhancing diagnostic precision and
therapeutic effectiveness.

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