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Unit 6 Photogrammetry

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16 views15 pages

Unit 6 Photogrammetry

Uploaded by

Kuldeep Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHOTOGRAMMETRY

ASSIGNMENT OF UNIT 6: STEREO PHOTOGRAMMETRY


SUBMITTED BY: KHUSBOO
TO
MISS SANJANA
1. STEREO- PHOTOGRAMMETRY.
 Stereophotogrammetry involves estimating the 3D coordinates of points on an object,
employing measurements made in two or more photographic images taken from different
positions.
 The image is calculated from a collection of points obtained along an x, y and z coordinate
system.
 Stereophotogrammetry based on the stereoscopic principles which allow us to create or
enhance the illusion of depth in an image by means of stereopsis for binocular vision.
 Binocular vision based on the principles that we present two slightly different images
separately to the left and the right eye whereas such images are then combined by the
viewer’s brain to give the perception of 3D vision.
 To present stereoscopic pictures, there are different ways such as polarization, anaglyph,
chroma depth, etc. But the most common one is called “stereoscopic technique”.
 Processing stereo images based on the rules of stereoscopic technique requires
stereoscopic matching, tie points, the orientations of stereo pairs, and understanding the
normal case of stereophotogrammetry.
2. WHAT IS STEREOSCOPIC VISION.

 In photogrammetry, stereovision is used to create accurate 3D models of objects or terrain


from a pair of overlapping images.
 In stereoscopic vision, objects are viewed with both eyes a little distanct from each other
helps in viewing objects from two different positions and angles, thus a stereoscopic vision
is obtained.
 This technique is commonly referred to as “stereo photogrammetry” and is employed for
various applications, including cartography, surveying, topographic mapping, and 3D
modelling.
3. WHAT IS STEREO MODEL.

 A stereo model is two images that are taken over the same sensor with an overlap and
intersection angle that can form a pair for stereo viewing; the two images must have
correct georeferencing and orientation. The quality of your stereo models can affect results
of the features you collected.
 The formation of a stereo model in photogrammetry, specially stereo photogrammetry,
involves creating a three- dimensional representation of the objects or scenes using pair of
overlapping images taken from different viewpoints.
4. WHAT IS STEREOGRAM.

 Stereoscopy is a technique for creating or enhancing the illusion of depth in an image by


means of stereopsis for binocular vision.
 The word stereoscopy derives from Greek word “ stereos” means ‘ firm, solid’ and “
skopeo” means ‘ to look, to see’.
 Any stereoscopic image is called a ‘Stereogram’. Originally, stereogram referred to a pair
of stereo images which could be viewed using a stereoscope.
5. WHAT ARE MODEL POINTS.

 From the six patterns of the effects of the linear and rotational movements of the
orientation elements, in the projected images it is possible to select suitable locations for
the elimination of y- parallaxes in the model,
 Model points 1 to 6 are found most suitable for this purpose.
 Five of them are usually chosen for relative orientation and the sixth point for a check.
 Generally, we consider two nadir points, and four corner points symmetrically located as
model points.
6. WHAT IS MODEL DEFORMATION.

 When corresponding rays from two projectors do not intersect correctly, there are residual
positional errors in X, Y and Z coordinates of points after absolute orientation of the model
framed.
 These results in a model, which is deformed. The errors in X and Y directions are small and
have negligible planimetric effect.
 The errors in X- parallaxes of points show up as appreciable height differences (the height
are measured in absolute terms instead of being plotted.)
7. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORIENTATION OF PHOTOGRAPHS.
1. Interior Orientation: interior orientation deals with the parameters of the camera or imaging
sensor itself. It involves defining and measuring the intrinsic properties of the camera or sensor,
which are necessary to convert pixcel coordinates in the image to real world coordinates in the
scene. For example, focal length, principal point, lens distortion etc.
2. Exterior Orientation: Exterior orientation focuses on determining the position and orientation of
the camera or sensor relative to the objects in the scene. It describe how the camera is located in
3D space and oriented in relation to the objects it captures. For example, camera position, flight
line and altitude etc.
1. Relative Orientation: relative orientation is obtained when all the corresponding rays from both the
projectors intersect simultaneously. The conditions of intersection of such pairs of rays is attained when the X
and Y parallaxes are zero, in a three dimensional model.
2. Absolute Orientation: absolute orientation of a model involves horizontalization and scaling which so far
have remained undetermined.
1. Levelling the Model: at least 3 points within the overlap area suitably located must be known in height . Both the
cameras are suitably moved simultaneously until the height differences in the model correspond to true height
differences. A fourth point of known height provides the check on levelling.
2. Scaling the Model: at least two points of known planimetric co-ordinates, well separated in the overlapping area must
be known. By comparing the true distance between these points and that measured in the model, a scale factor can be
8. WHAT IS ORIENTATION OF A PHOTOGRAPH?

 Orientation refers to the determination of the spatial position and orientation of a camera
or sensor in relation to the objects being photographed.
 Accurate orientation is crucial for creating precise three- dimensional models and maps
from photographs.
9. WHAT IS AERIAL TRIANGULATION.

 In order to create map, a procedure known as aerial triangulation must be used to


determine the precise location and orientation of each image in a set of aerial
photographs. The control is a set of triangulated pass, horizontal and vertical points.
 Aerial triangulation in space resulting in X,Y and Z coordinates of each points. This
triangulation is carried out in precision stereo- plotting instruments where from coordinates
of points fixed are obtained in machine co-ordinate system. These are transferred into
ground system with the help of ground control points.
10. WHAT INPUT IS REQUIRED FOR AERIAL TRIANGULATION.

 AERIAL TRIANGULATION: Aerial Triangulation in space resulting in X, Y and Z coordinates of


each point. This triangulation is carried out in precision stereo-plotting instruments where
from coordinates of points fixed are obtained in machine co-ordinate system. These are
transferred into ground system with the help of ground control points.
 There are three types of aerial triangulation in space:
 Bridging Method
 I.M.T. (Independent Model Triangulation)
 Bundle Block Adjustment
11. WRITE ABOUT DIFFERENT TYPES OF AERIAL
TRIANGULATION.

1. RADIAL TRIANGULATION: Radial triangulation methods are based on angular


measurements on the photographs resulting in only planimetric co-ordinates X and Y.
1. Graphical Method
2. Slotted Template Method
3. Analytical Method

2. AERIAL TRIANGULATION: Aerial triangulation in space results in X, Y and Z coordinates of


each points. These are transferred into ground system with the help of ground control
points.
1. Bridging Method
2. I.M.T. Method (Independent Model Triangulation)
3. Bundle Block Adjustment (Plate Co-ordinates)
12. DESCRIBE ABOUT BUNDLE BLOCK ADJUSTMENT.

 Bundle Block Adjustment, often referred to simply as “ bundle adjustment”, is a critical


computational technique used in photogrammetry and computer vision to simultaneously
refine the interior and exterior orientation parameters of multiple images in a
photogrammetric block.
 The primary goal of bundle adjustment is to achieve the best possible fit between the
observed image measurements based on the 3D model.
 This process is essential for creating highly accurate and geometrically consistent
photogrammetric products
13. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY RECTIFICATION.

 The transformation process used to project multiple images onto a common image surface
is known as Rectification. It is used to correct a distorted image into a standard coordinate
system.
 In photogrammetry and remote sensing, picture rectification is an important step,
especially when using satellite and aerial imagery.
 In order to create a more realistic picture of the Earth’s surface, an image must be
geometrically corrected to remove distortions brought on by the sensor’s properties,
terrain, relief and perspective effects.
 Image rectification changes an image from its original perspective view to the planar,
orthorectified representation, where objects are represented at their true positions on the
ground.
14. WHAT IS AFFINE TRANSFORMATION.

 Affine transformation is a linear mapping method that preserves points, straight lines and
planes. Sets of parallel lines remain parallel after an affine transformation.
 The affine transformation technique is typically used to correct for geometric distortions or
deformations that occur with non- ideal camera angles. For e.g., satellite imagery uses
affine transformations to correct for wide angle lens distortions, panorama stitching and
image registration.
 Transforming and fusing the images to a large, flat coordinates system is desirable to
eliminate distortion.

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