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Nav-Lect-3&4 NV

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14 views20 pages

Nav-Lect-3&4 NV

Uploaded by

ah3282620
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Course (408)

Navigation
Systems

Introduction to Navigation Science

1
Navigation Systems
What is Navigation?
Navigation is derived from the Latin navis (“ship”) and agere (“to drive”)

Navigation means
Jahaaz-Raani" and Navigation
the passage of ships synonym words Pilotage,
Piloting, Sailing and Seafaring
“the process or activity of accurately
ascertaining one's position and
planning and following a route”

The act of navigating; the act of


passing on water in ships or other
vessels; the state of being navigable.
https://www.google.com/
3
Navigation Systems
What is Navigation
“The act of directing a ship, aircra
ft, etc. from one place to another,
or the science of finding a way
from one place to another is
called Navigation.”

OR

The act or science of finding a way


from one place to another

Source:https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/navigation
Navigation Systems

What is Navigation?

“Navigation is a science of directing a craft by determining its


position, course, and distance traveled.”

“Navigation is concerned with finding the way to the desired


destination, avoiding collisions, conserving fuel, and meeting
schedules.”
Navigation Systems
Development of
Marine Navigation

 Regular trade was carried on


between the island of Crete
and Egypt, a distance of
approximately 300 miles (500
km), more than 25 centuries
before the Christian era.
 A passage in the Odyssey
describes such a voyage from
Crete: running before a north
wind, sailing ships reached the
mouth of the Nile in five
Map of the world, based on the description given by Herodotus (5th century BC). Library of Congress,
days. Washington, D.C.
(Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/navigation-technology)
Navigation Systems

Development Of Marine Navigation

 By 600 BC the Phoenicians were routinely importing tin from Cornwall in the
British Isles.

 Before the 10th century AD, Irish seafarers successively reached the Shetland
Islands, the Faeroe Islands, and Iceland, crossing 200 to 300 miles (300 to 500
km) of the North Atlantic at each stage.

 By about AD 400, Polynesian navigators had reached Hawaii from the


Marquesas Islands, 2,300 miles (3,700 km) across the open Pacific.
Navigation Systems
Development Of Marine Navigation
Direction finding

* Direction was found by the voyages using of the Sun and stars.
 East and west are traditionally synonymous with the directions of sunrise and sunset;
 North and south are determined by the directions of shadows cast by the noonday Sun.
 By night the stars rise in the east and set in the west, and in the Northern Hemisphere
their apparent rotation around the Pole Star due to the Earth’s rotation has long been a
fact of the navigator’s life.

Modern navigation, in short, has to do with a globally integrated transportation


system in which each voyage from start to finish is concerned with four basic
objectives: staying on course, avoiding collisions, minimizing fuel consumption, and
conforming to an established timetable.
What is Navigation Systems

“A navigation system is a computing system that aids


in navigation.”
Introduction to Navigation Science

 Navigation Science presents new developments and advances in various aspects


of navigation - from land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation to
space navigation; and from basic theories, mechanisms, to modern techniques.
 It publishes monographs, edited volumes, lecture notes and professional books on
topics relevant to navigation - quickly, up to date and with a high quality.
 A special focus of the series is the technologies of the Global Navigation Satellite
Systems (GNSSs), as well as the latest progress made in the existing systems
(GPS, BDS, Galileo, GLONASS, etc.).

 Satellite navigations systems are primarily designed to use in military applications


but it gained popularity in civilian applications especially in road navigation.
 Four decades after introduction, many of the functions in aviation, logistics,
shipping etc… cannot be performed without a proper navigational system like
GPS.
Introduction to Navigation Science
What are satellite navigational
systems?
 Global Positioning Systems – GPS is
one of the most popular and globally
available navigational systems consist
of group of satellites orbiting above the
earth.
 Satellite navigations systems are
primarily designed to use in military
applications but it gained popularity in
civilian applications especially in road
navigation.
What are satellite navigational systems?
Many of the functions in aviation, logistics, shipping etc… cannot be performed without a
proper navigational system like GPS.
How does satellite navigational system work?
Trilateratio
n
Method

GPS satellites broadcast it


precise location and clock time
continuously using radio
frequency signals which travels
at speed of light. Trilateration
requires minimum three signals
from different satellite, location
using the intersect
of the receiver can bepoint of
calculated
three signal circles like in below
image. Image source: globalnerdy.com
Top satellite navigational systems
i. GPS – Global Positioning System by United States in 1978
ii. GLONASS – Global Navigation Satellite System by Russia in1982
iii. GNSS – Galileo/global navigation satellite system by European
Union in 2005
iv. BeiDou is a satellite navigation system by China in 2000
v. IRNSS – Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System by ISRO (Indian Space
Research Organization) in 2013
vi. QZSS is a satellite-based augmentation and time transfer system developed by
Japan
i. GPS

Country United States of America


Introduction 1978
Number of satellite 31
Frequency 1575.42 MHz and 1227.60 MHz
Modulation BPSK (Binary Phase-Shift Keying)
Satellite orbital height 20,180 KM
Availability Globally available
ii. GLONASS

Country Russia
Introduction 1982
Number of satellite 24
Frequency 1602 MHz and 1246 MHz
Modulation BPSK (Binary Phase-Shift Keying)
Satellite orbital height 19,100 KM
Availability Globally available
iii. GNSS/Galileo

Country European Union


Introduction 2005
Number of satellite 18
Frequency 1575.42 MHz, 1176.42 MHz, 1207.14 MHz
and 1278.75 MHz
Modulation BPSK, CBOC, BOCcos and AltBOC
Satellite orbital height 23,222 KM
Availability Globally available
iv. BeiDou

Country China
Introduction 2000
Number of satellite 23
Frequency 1575.42 MHz, 1191.795 MHz, 1268.52 MHz
Modulation BPSK, BOC, MBOC and AltBOC
Satellite orbital height 21528 KM and 35786 KM (geostationary satellites)
Availability Globally available
v. IRNSS

Country India
Introduction 2013
Number of satellite 7
Frequency 1576.45 MHz and 2492.028 MHz
Modulation BPSK and BOC
Satellite orbital height 36000 KM
Availability Indian sub continent and 1500
KM from borders
vi. QZSS
Country Japan
Introduction 2010
Number of satellite 4
Frequency 1576.45 MHz, 1227.60 MHz, 1176.45
MHz and 1278.75 MHz
Modulation BPSK and CSK
Satellite orbital height 32000 to 40000 KM
Availability Regional coverage in
Japan
References

 https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-satellite-navigation-systems-and-applications/
 https://www.britannica.com/technology/navigation-technology
 https://www.google.com/
 https://www.springer.com/series/15704

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