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EIE315 - Electrical Machines 1

 Electromechanical Energy Conversion

 Electromechanical Energy Conversion
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Electromechanical Energy Conversion Week
1&2
 Law of conservation of energy
 General energy balance equation
 singly & double excited systems
 Induced voltage
 Electrical energy
 Torque equations
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 Electrical Machine
• Electric machines are electromechanical energy converters
(i.e. generators and motors).
• Electric motors convert electrical energy to mechanical
energy
• generators convert mechanical energy to electrical energy.
• Almost all technological advancement and industrialization
hangs on electrical machines.

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 Electromechanical Energy Conversion
• Electromechanical devices are used in a wide verity of
systems. The electromechanical energy conversion is the
process of converting energy from electrical form to
mechanical form or vice-versa.
• Electromechanical devices are developed, for energy
conversion between electrical and mechanical forms.
• In general, electromechanical energy conversion devices are
divided into three categories:
a. Transducers: This device transforms signals of different forms for
measurements and control e.g. Microphones, pickups and speakers.

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Electromechanical Energy Conversion
b. Force producing device: this devices produce forces mostly for linear
motion drives e.g. Relays, solenoids and electromagnet.

c. Continuous energy conversion equipment: these devices operate in

rotating mode e.g. generator and motor

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Dynamo
A dynamo is a machine that converts either mechanical energy into
electrical energy or electrical energy into mechanical energy. When a
dynamo is driven mechanically by a prime mover such as by a diesel
engine, steam engine, steam turbine or water turbine and supplies
electrical energy, it is called a generator when the dynamo draws
electrical energy from the supply mains and drives mechanical devices
such as line shafts and machine tools it is called a motor. The motoring
and generating actions are reversible

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 Energy Relationship
• The electromechanical energy conversion theory allows the
representation of the electromechanical force or torque in
terms of device variables, such as the currents and the
displacement of the mechanical systems.
• The electromechanical system consists of the electrical
system, mechanical system, and the medium or means by
which the electrical and mechanical can interact.
• The interaction can take place through all electromagnetic
and electrostatic fields that are common to both systems.
Energy is transferred from one system to the other because of
the phenomenon called interaction.

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Energy Relationship Contd.
Electrical Coupling Mechanical
system system system

Block Diagram of a simple electromechanical system

An electro-mechanical energy
conversion device is a link between
electrical and mechanical systems.
Electro-mechanical energy conversion
needs the presence of natural
phenomena, which inter-relate electric
and magnetic fields on one hand and
mechanical force and motion on the
other.

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Energy Relationship Contd.
The most important phenomena, which make this conversion possible, are:
1. Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field in
such a way that a component of the length of the conductor is perpendicular to
the field, a force will exist between the conductor and the field.
2. Whenever a piece of ferromagnetic material is placed in a magnetic field,
a force is experienced upon the material, tending to bring it into the position of
the densest portion of the field. The force tends to align the material specimen
so that the reluctance of the magnetic path passing through the material will be
at minimum.
3. A force of attraction' is exerted upon the charged plates of a capacitor.
4. Whenever a piece of dielectric material is located in an electrostatic field,
a force is experienced upon the material tending to bring it into the densest
portion of the field. In case the specimen of material is of unsymmetrical
configuration the force tends to align its longer axis with the electrostatic field.

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Energy Relationship Contd.
• All of these phenomena involve a force relation that exists between either a magnetic
field or an electrostatic field and a material structure (matter).

• All these phenomena, therefore, provide a means for electro-mechanical energy

conversion i.e. interchange of energy between a magnetic field (or/and electrostatic
field), and a mechanical system. The medium for the energy transfer is either a
magnetic field or an electrostatic field.
• If the motion is in a direction opposite to that of the force resulting from the electro-
magnetic or electrostatic relations the motion is developed by the mechanical system
and mechanical energy is converted into energy associated with the electrical system.
• On the other hand, if the motion is in the direction of the force resulting from the
electromagnetic or electrostatic relations, the motion is caused by the associated
electrical system, and electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy.

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Energy Relationship Contd.
Electromagnetic radiation is neglected and it is assumed that the
electromechanical system operates at a frequency sufficiently low so
that the electrical system may be considered as a lump parameter
system.
Losses occurs in all components of electromechanical system
• Heat loss occurs in mechanical system due to friction.
• Heat dissipated in electrical system due to resistance of the current
carrying conductor
• Eddy current and hysteresis losses occur in the ferromagnetic
material of the magnetic fields. Where as dielectric losses occur in all
electric field.
Energy distribution could be expressed for the electrical, mechanical
and the coupling system.

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Electrical System
WE = We + WeL + WeS
Where,
• WE is the total energy supplied by the electrical source.
• We is the energy transferred to the coupling field by the
electrical system.
• WeL is the energy losses of the electrical system.
Basically, I2R
• WeS is energy stored in the electrical or magnetic field.

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Mechanical system
WM = Wm + WmL + Wms
Where,
• WM is the energy supplied by the mechanical source.
• Wm is the energy transferred to the coupling field by
the mechanical system.
• WmL is the energy losses of the mechanical system.
• Wms is energy stored in the moving member and
compliance of the mechanical system.

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Coupling Field Energy
The total energy transferred to the coupling field can be represented by
• WF = W e + W m
where,
• WF is the total energy transferred to coupling field.
• We is the energy transferred to the coupling field by the electrical
system.
• Wm is the energy transferred from the mechanical system.
Also,
• WF = Wf + WfL
where,
• Wf is the energy stored in the coupling field and
• WfL is the energy dissipated in the form of heat due to losses in coupling
field.
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The electromechanical system must obey the law of
conservation of energy which states that energy
may neither be created nor destroyed. Therefore,
the sum of all the energies in the system is a constant
• Wf + WfL = (WE – WeL - Wes) + (WM - WmL - WmS)
Thus:
• WF = Wf + WfL = We +Wm 1.5

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Energy Balance

WeL WfL WmL

- - -
WE + We + + Wm + WM
Σ Σ Σ
- - -

WeS WfS WmS

Electrical system Coupling field Mechanical system

Figure 1.2.2 Energy Balance

The Energy balance in an electromechanical system is as depicted
in figure 1.2.2.
+ sign indicate energy going in and – indicate energy going out.

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The process of converting electrical energy to mechanical energy or
vice –versa is independent of the following:
• The loss of energy in either electrical or mechanical system.
• The energies stored in the electric or magnetic field that is not
common to both systems.
• The energies stored in the mechanical system
If the losses of the coupling field are neglected, then the field is
conservative and equation 1.5 becomes
WF = We +Wm
The balance between the various forms of energy in a machine
determines its efficiency and cooling requirements, which are both
critical performance and constructional feature in large generator.
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Assignment
1. Briefly describe and derive the energy balance equation of an
electromechanical system.
2. Explain a singly excited and double excited system.
3. In a double excited system derive the torque acting on the rotor.

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