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Temperature Sensors

ALL ABOUT TEMPERATURE SENSORS

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rajdubey9022
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11 views22 pages

Temperature Sensors

ALL ABOUT TEMPERATURE SENSORS

Uploaded by

rajdubey9022
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced

Embedded Systems
TEMPERATURE
SENSORS
(THERMOCOUPLES,
RTDS AND
THERMISTORS)
Temperature sensors
Temperature Sensors are the devices which are used to measure the temperature of
an object.

These sensors sense the temperature and generate output signals in one of the two
forms: change in voltage or change in resistance.

In order to select a sensor for a particular application - accuracy, range of


temperature, response time and environment are considered.
Temperature sensors
 Temperature sensors are categorized into two types:
◦ Contact type sensors

◦ Non-Contact type sensors

 Contact type sensors:


These measure their own temperature i.e., they are in contact with the metal and
will be in thermal equilibrium.

 Non-Contact type:
These infer temperature by measuring the thermal radiations emitted by the
material.
Temperature sensors
Contact type sensors:
• Thermocouples
• Resistive temperature devices

Non-Contact type sensors:


• IR thermometers
- These measure the temperature by detecting the infrared energy emitted by
the material.

- These consists of a lens which senses the IR signal and converts it into
electrical signal which is displayed in temperature units.

- These are applied when the object is moving, surrounded by EM field or


when a fast response is required.
Thermocouple Temperature
Measurement Sensors
Principle of operation:
Thermocouples work on the principle of Seebeck effect.

They are available in bead type or probe type construction.

They consist of two junctions: cold junction and hot junction.

The voltage developed between two junctions is called Seebeck voltage.

Voltage is in the order of millivolts.

They generate energy in the order of microwatts-milliwatts.


Thermocouples
Theory of operation:

◦ Figure 1 shows the typical Type-J


thermocouple.

◦ The emf shown in the figure is the


Seebeck voltage which is developed
because of the temperature difference.

◦ Figure 2 shows the cold junction


compensation (CJC).
Thermocouples
Calculations:
The voltage generated by the thermocouple is given by the equation:

V= S* ΔT

Where, V= voltage measured (V)


S= Seebeck coefficient (V/°C)
ΔT= difference in temperature between two junctions

Hence the unknown temperature can be calculated using the equation,

T= Tref + V/S in °C
Thermocouples
•Thermocouples are available in wire bead type or probe type.

•Bead type are used for low temperature applications and probe type for high
temperature applications.

•In selecting a thermocouple for particular application type, insulation and probe
construction is considered.

•Location of the thermocouple plays a major role for accurate measurement. As a ‘rule
of thumb’ it is located at 1/3rd distance from the heat source and 2/3rd distance from
workload.
Characteristics of Thermocouples:
Characteristics of Thermocouples:
Precautions and considerations for
using thermocouples:
◦ Connection problems

◦ Lead Resistance

◦ Decalibration

◦ Noise

◦ Common Mode Voltage

◦ Thermal Shunting
Thermocouples
Advantages: Disadvantages:
◦ Self-powered ◦ Non-linear

◦ Simple in construction ◦ Low voltage

◦ Rugged ◦ Less stable

◦ Wide temperature range ◦ Reference required

◦ Wide variety

◦ Inexpensive
Resistance Temperature
Devices
They work by undergoing change in electrical resistance, with change in
temperature.

These are low cost and low temperature range sensors.

These are of two types:

• RTDs

• Thermistors
Resistance Temperature
Detectors (RTDs)
They work on the principle of positive temperature coefficient.

RTDs are used to measure the temperatures ranging from -196 to 482 deg C or
(-320 to 900 deg Fahrenheit)

Common Resistance Materials for RTDs:


• Platinum (most popular and accurate)
• Nickel
• Copper
• Balco (rare)
• Tungsten (rare)
RTDs
Calculations:
 R(T)=R0*(1+a*T+ b*T^2)
◦ R (T) = Resistance at temperature T
◦ R0 = Resistance at Nominal Temperature
◦ a and b are calibration constants, where
a= 3.9692 * 10^-3 /°C
b= -5.8495 * 10^-7 /°C

 The relationship between voltage and RTD’s resistance is given by:

V= (Vref*R(T))/(R(0)+R(T))
RTDs
Advantages:
• Stable output for a long period of time
• Ease of recalibration
• Accurate readings over narrow temperature range
• Linear output

Disadvantages:
• Smaller temperature range when compared to thermocouples
• High initial cost and less rugged to environmental vibrations
• Not self-powered
• Self heating
RTDs
Applications:

• They are used for precision process temperature control.

• Widely used in industrial applications.

• Directly used in recorders, temperature controllers, transmitters and digital


ohmmeters
Thermistors
These are similar to RTDs.

These work on negative temperature coefficient.

These are made up of semiconductor devices.

Variation is non-linear.

Thermistors are used to measure the temperatures ranging from -45 to 260 deg C or
(-50 to 500 deg Fahrenheit).
Thermistors

Thermistor symbol

Advantages: Disadvantages:
•High output •Non-linear
•Fast response •Limited temperature range
•Two wire ohms measurement •Not self-powered
•Self heating
Thermistors
Applications:

• Can be used as a liquid level indicator or as a liquid level controller

• To measure temperature in Medical Applications

• Temperature Control
Thermocouples,
Conclusion
◦ Produce a potential difference in response to a temperature gradient developed along
its length.
◦ Must be referenced to a known temperature reference, a ‘cold junction’ for accurate
measurement.
◦ Requires linearization for best over-temperature linearity response .

Resistance temperature devices,


RTD produce fast response than thermocouples at low temperatures and is accurate
and stable when compared to other sensors.
Thermistors are sensitive and less expensive compared to RTDs.
END

THANK YOU

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