One-to-One Functions

Inverse Functions

Created by Mr. Reymund Gonowon

Modified by Dr. Luis F. Razon
One-to-One Functions
 Review:
What’s a relation? What’s a
function?
• Types of relations:
–One-to-one
Function
–Many-to-one s
–One-to-many
Non-
–Many-to-many Functions
A function is a 1
2
rule that 7
3
assigns a 5 3 0
unique value to 9
f
every member
in its domain. Notation: f (2) = 1, f (3) = 7, f (5) = 3
andf fconsists
(9) =0 of ordered pairs (2,1) (3, 7)
(5, 3) (9, 0)
7
2
3 3 Notation: g(2) = 7,
5 0 g(3) = 7, g(5) = 3
9 and g(9) =0
g (2,7) (3, 7) (5, 3) (9, 0)
One-to-One 2 1 7
Functions 3 3
5
A function is one –to- 0
9
one if each value in f
its domain is
assigned a different f consists of ordered pairs (2,1) (3, 7)
value in the range. (5, 3) (9, 0) One-to-One
7
2
3 (2,7) (3, 7) (5, 3) (9, 0)
3
5 0 Not one-to-one
9
g
One-to-one functions have
important properties that
make them very useful.
The formal definitions of a one-to-one function

A function y = f (x) with domain D is

one-to-one on D, if and only if for
every x1 and x2 in D, f (x1) = f (x2)
implies that x1 = x2.
A function is one-to-one if each
element f (x) of the range is mapped
from one, and only one, element, x,
of the domain.
• For equations, we need to show that
no two ordered pairs have the same y
coordinate and different x
coordinates.
• We assume there are two ordered
pairs and in the function f with the
same y coordinates, then we show
that the x coordinates must be the
same.
• In summary, we show that
One-to-one functions
in equationiffform
EXAMPLE

Is a one-to-one function?
Assume that outputs are equal:

Evaluate:

Simplify:

Since is true iff , this means that is one-

to-one.
EXAMPLE
Is a one-to-one function?
Assume that outputs are equal:
Evaluate:

Simplify:
𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑥 1+ 2 𝑥 2 +2=𝑥1 𝑥 2 +2 𝑥1 + 𝑥 2+ 2
𝑥1 = 𝑥2

Since iff
this means that is one-to-one.
EXAMPLE
Is a one-to-one function?
Assume that outputs are equal:

Evaluate:

Simplify:

Since would be satisfied even if

, this means that is not one-to-one.

if x1 = 0 and x2 = -2, for example

EXAMPLE
Is a one-to-one function?

Assume that outputs are equal:

Evaluate:

Simplify:
4 − 𝑥 1=4 − 𝑥 2
𝑥1 = 𝑥2
iff x1 = x2
this means that is one-to-one.
Horizontal Line Test
A function y = f (x) is one-to-one if and
only if no horizontal line intersects the
graph of y = f (x) in more than one
point.y
(4, 7)
Example:
(0, 7)

y=7
The function y = x2 – 4x +
7 is not one-to-one on
2
x
the real numbers because
2 the line y = 7 intersects
the graph at both (0, 7)
and (4, 7).
Example: Apply the horizontal line test to
the graphs below to determine if the
functions x3 one-to-one. b) y = x3 + 3x2 – x –
are
a) y =
y 1 y

8 8

4 4

-4 4 -4 4
x x

one-to-one not one-to-one

Key Ideas: Let y = f(x)
1. One to one function means for every y,
there corresponds exactly one x (recall:
function means for every x, there
corresponds exactly one y)
2. One to one function means no second
component is repeated (recall: function
means no first component is repeated)
3. One to one function means it satisfies the
horizontal test (recall: function means it
satisfies the vertical line test)
4. Note that f should be a function first before
it can be a one to one function.
Inverse Functions
 Inverse Functions
• Why would we want an inverse function?
• Suppose we had the following table of shoe sizes
US Shoe Sizes European Shoe
(U) Sizes (E)
8 41
9 42
10 43
11 44
• For a given US shoe size, we would easily get the
12 45
European shoe size. We say that U= U(E).
• Similarly, we can easily get the US shoe size for a given
European shoe size or E = E(U). We say that E is the
inverse function of U.
• There are many situations when we want the inverse
function.
Every function y = f (x) has an inverse
relation
The inputs x = outputs
and f (y). of ordered pairs of the
function f are interchanged to produce the
ordered pairs of the inverse relation.
Example: Given the function
f = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 1), (4, 2)}, its domain is {1,
2, 3, 4} and its range is {1, 2, 3}.

The inverse relation of f is {(1, 1), (3, 2), (1, 3), (2,
4)}. Its domain is {1, 2, 3} and its range is {1, 2, 3,
4}
The domain of the inverse relation is the
range of the original function.
The range of the inverse relation is
the domain of the original function.
• When different inputs produce the
same output
– Then the function is many-to-one
– Its inverse not a function
• When different inputs produce
different outputs
– Then the function is one-to-one
– Its inverse is a function
For a function y = f (x), the inverse
relation of f is a function if and only if f
is one-to-one.
For a function y = f (x), the inverse
relation of f is a function if and only if
the graph of f passes the horizontal line
test.
If f is one-to-one, the inverse relation of f
is a function called the inverse function
of f.
The inverse function of y = f (x) is written
as f -1(x).
 Terminology
• f -1(x) is read "f-inverse of x“
–is not an exponent
–it does not mean
reciprocal
−1 1
𝑓 ( 𝑥) =
𝑓 (𝑥 )
Graphically, the x and y values of a point
are switched.
The point (3, 5)
has an inverse
point of (5, 3)

The point (-2, 0)

has an inverse
point of (0, -2)
 Example: Find the graph of the inverse relation from
the graph of

The ordered The ordered pairs

of the inverse are
pairs of f are
given by
given by

The graphs
of a relation
and its
inverse are
reflections
about the
line y = x.
 Example
If this function has an inverse function,
then graph its inverse on the same graph.

f ( x)  x  3
 24
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Co
mpany, Inc. All rights reserved.
Example
If this function has an inverse function,
then graph its inverse on the same graph.
f ( x)  x 3
 𝑦 =√ 𝑥
3

3
𝑦 =𝑥

𝑦 =𝑥
To find the inverse of a relation
algebraically, interchange x and y then
solve for y. Find the inverse relation
Example:
algebraically for the
y =function f (x) = 3xf (x)
3x + 2 Replace + 2.with y.
x = 3y + 2 Switch x and y.
3y + 2 = x Symmetric property of equality
3y = x - 2 Transpose.
y Solve for y.
Replace y with f -1(x) .
Given the function : f(x) = 3x2 + 2 find its
inverse: x = 3y2 + 2
2
𝑥−2=3 𝑦
x 2 x 2
y y 
3 3
WHY are
x 2 x 2
f x  
1 there two f x  
1
3 functions for 3
the
It’s because f (x) is a inverse?!function.The domain of f
many-to-one
(x) has to be restricted, such that it becomes a one-to-one
function, so that its inverse is a function as well. For
example, setting x >0 makes f(x) a one-to-one function.
Determine the inverse of the functions g, and h.
3x
g x   hx  3 x  1  2
x 2
3x y 3 x  1  2
y
x 2
x 3 y  1  2
3y
x x  2  3 y 1
y 2
xy  2  3 y
xy  2 x 3 y 
x  2  y  1
3 3 3

xy  3 y 2 x x  23  y  1
y x  3 2 x x  23  1  y
2x
g x  
1
h  1 x  x  2 3  1
x 3
ce x and y are interchanged when getting
inverse, then the domain and range of a
ction becomes the range and domain of
inverse.

mple:
𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=
3𝑥 −1 2𝑥
𝑥 −2 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥−3
D :  ,2  2,  D :  ,3 3, 

R :  ,3 3,  R :  ,2  2, 

The inverse function is an “inverse” with
respect to the operation of composition of
functions.
The inverse function “undoes” the function,
that is, f -1( f (x)) = x.

The function is the inverse of its inverse

function,
that is, f ( f -1(x)) = x.
Example: The inverse of f (x) = x3 is .

) √ =𝑥
−1 3 3
𝑓 ( 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑓 −1 3 3
( 𝑥 ) ) =( √ 𝑥 ) =𝑥
Example: Verify that the function

is the inverse of f(x) = 2x – 1 (and vice versa).

(
𝑓 ( 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) ) =2 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) −1=2
𝑥+1
2 )
− 1=𝑥

It follows that f = g -1 and g =

f -1.
Application
Body surface area (Bsa) is a function of a
person’s weight (w) in kg. If a person is 144 cm
tall, the function is . Determine the inverse
function that computes the weight given the
person’s body surface area.
B sa  0.0004 w What’s the weight of
144 cm tall person who

B sa   0.0004w
2

2 has of Bsa of 0.11 sq. m.?

B sa 
2
0.0004w w 25000.22 2
w 30.25kg
w 2500B sa 2
Application
An invested amount grows according to the interest
rate, and length of time invested. The final amount of
investment is a function of the invested amount as
modelled by . Given that the interest rate is 2%, and
length of invested time is 9 years, write the inverse
function that computes the invested amount.
𝐹 =𝑃 + Pr 𝑡
F as a function of P Evaluate and
interpret the
Inverse is
so following:

: as a function of P
Key Ideas: Let f be a function and f -1
be its inverse
1. f -1 is a function if only if f is one to one.
2. f -1 is obtained by interchanging x and y.
3. The domain of f is the range of f -1
4. The range of f is the domain of f -1
5. The graphs of f and f -1 are symmetric (mirror
images) with respect to the line y = x
6. f ( f -1(x)) = x and f -1( f (x)) = x (The composition of a
function with its inverse is always equal to the
identity function x.