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Lab.7 Buffer

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19 views

Lab.7 Buffer

Uploaded by

alaa.khamees100
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Buffer preparation

Buffers preparation
•Buffer: is a solution that resists change in pH when a small amount of an acid or base is added
or when the solution is diluted.
•A buffer solution consists of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base,
and its conjugate acid at predetermined concentrations or ratios. One example of a buffer
solution found in nature is blood
Henderson Hasselbalch
equation
Adding an acid to this buffer
solution
•The buffer solution must remove most of the new hydrogen ions otherwise the pH would drop
markedly.
•Hydrogen ions combine with the conjugate base ions to make weak acid. Although the reaction
is reversible, most of the new hydrogen ions are removed in this way.
A- + H+ AH
•Since most of the new hydrogen ions are removed, the pH won't change very much - but
because of the equilibrium involved, it will fall a little bit.
Adding an alkali to this buffer
solution
•Alkaline solutions contain hydroxide ions and the buffer solution removes most of these.
•Removed by reacting with weak acid
•The hydroxide ion is going to react with weak acid to form conjugate base ions and water.
AH + OH+ A- + H2O
•Because most of the new hydroxide ions are removed, the pH doesn't increase very much.
Methods of buffer preparation
1. Direct method
2. Weak acid + Strong base (weak base + strong acid)
3. Salts of weak acid + Strong acid (salts of weak base + strong base):
4. Salts of polyprotic acids
Direct method
Preparation by adding certain amount of weak acid with another amount of conjugate base
(salt) at certain concentrations to reach the given pH. e.g. acetic acid - sodium acetate buffer.
Weak acid + Strong base (weak base +
strong acid):
Preparation by adding a certain amount of strong base (or acid) to neutralize parts of the weak
acid (or base) to have a buffer at a certain pH depending on the amount of base (acid) added.
e.g. NH3 – HCl buffer
Salts of weak acid + Strong acid (salts of weak
base + strong base)
•Preparation by adding certain amount of strong acid to salts of weak acid to get a buffer of
certain pH e.g. sodium acetate – HCl buffer.
Salts of polyprotic acids
Buffering capacity
•The amount of acid or base that can be added without causing a large change in pH is governed
by the buffering capacity of the solution
•Buffer capacity: is the number of moles of strong acid or strong base needed to change the pH
of 1 Liter of buffer solution by 1 pH unit.
•Depends solely on the concentration of the species in the buffered solution (the more
concentrated the buffer solution, the greater its buffer capacity) and on pH=pKa
Calculation
Prepare 100ml of acetic acid – Na acetate
buffer 0.1 M with pH 4.5
Pka = 4.76, molarity of acetic acid = 17.4, M.W
of Na acetate = 82.03g
pH= pka + log [Na- acetate ]/ [acetic acid ]
4.5= 4.76+log [0.1]/ [acetic acid ]
-0.26 = log [0.1]/ [acetic acid ]
0.549= [0.1]/ [acetic acid ]
[acetic acid ]= 0.18M
Calculation
Initial con of (NH3) =2*1.5=3mmol
Initial con of HCl =1.5*1.04=1.56mmmol
Eq. con of weak base (NH3) = 1.44
Eq. con of conj acid NH4+= 1.56
pOH = pKb + [proton donor(NH4+)]/ [proton
acceptor(NH3)]
pOH= 4.76+log [1.56]/ [1.44]=4.76+0.034=4.79
pH+pOH= 14
pH= 14- 4.79 = 9.21
Calculation
Na2HPO4 is conjugate base of NaH2PO4 (acid
)/ Pka2 =7.21
[conj base ] = 15*0.1/50= 0.03M or 1.5 mmol
[weak acid ]= 35*0.1/50= 0.07 M or 3.5 mmol
pH= Pka2+log [conj base ]/ [weak acid ]=
7.21+log[0.03]/ [0.07]= 7.21-0.368= 6.84
Procedure
To each buffer prepared above
Take two samples 15 ml each, place each one in a small beaker.
To the first one, add 3 ml of 0.1M HCL, measure the pH.
To the second sample add 3 ml of 0.1M NaOH, measure the pH.
Compare the measured pH with the theoretical, calculated pH for each buffer
Acetate buffer upon addition of
strong acid
R CH3COOH CH 3COO- + 3ml of 0.1MH3O+
I 15*0.18 = 2.7mmol 15*0.1= 1.5mmol
C +3*0.1=0.3mmol - 3*0.1=0.3mmol
E 3mmol /18ml=0.166M 1.2mmol /18ml =0.0666
pH = pka+log 0.0666/0.166= 4.76-0.396= 4.36
Acetate buffer upon addition of strong
acid
R CH3COOH CH 3COO- + 3ml of 0.1MNaOH
I 15*0.18 = 2.7mmol 15*0.1= 1.5mmol
C -3*0.1=0.3mmol + 3*0.1=0.3mmol
E 2.4mmol /18ml=0.133M 1.8mmol /18ml =0.1

pH = pka+log 0.1/0.133= 4.76-0.12= 4.64


Buffering Action

Notice that the pH changes only slightly in each case.


Please do the calculations for the next tow buffers (phosphate buffer
and NH3 – HCl )

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