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Chapter One

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13 views16 pages

Chapter One

Uploaded by

bitaniyamesfin7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter one

Structural member /
structural system
1.1 introduction
• The function of an architectural structure is the part of a building
which resists the loads that are imposed on it.
• A building may be regarded as simply an envelope which encloses and
subdivides space in order to create a protected environment.
• All of these loads tend to distort the building envelope and to cause it
to collapse; it is to prevent this from happening that a structure is
provided.
• The location of the structure within a building is not always obvious
because the structure can be integrated with the nonstructural parts in
various ways. example of an igloo (Fig. 1.2), in which ice blocks form
a self-supporting protective dome, the structure and the space
enclosing elements are one and the same thing.
• Sometimes the structural and space enclosing elements are entirely
separate. A very simple example is the tepee (Fig. 1.3), in which the
protecting envelope is a skin of fabric or hide which has insufficient
rigidity to form an enclosure by itself and which is supported on a
framework of timber poles. the envelope is entirely nonstructural and
the poles have a purely structural function.
1.2 integration of structural elements
a) Horizontal structures
Beams: beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily
to carry vertical loads. Quite often they are classified according to the
way they are supported.
Beams are always loaded in the longitudinal direction. So they are
primarily designed to resist bending moment; however if they are short
and carry large loads, the internal shear force may become quite large
and this force may govern this design.

Slabs: are usually plane horizontal members used primarily to carry


vertical loads. They may classified according to their load transferring
mechanism by two, as one way and two way slabs.
b) Vertical structures
Columns: members that are generally vertical and resist axial
compressive loads are referred to as columns.
Occasionally, columns are subjected to both an axial and bending
moment and they are referred to as beam-columns.
Shear walls: as the name implies, shear walls resist lateral load in shear.
Vertical systems
• Vertical systems transfer the load of horizontal systems from roof to
foundations, carrying gravity and/or lateral load. Although they may
resist gravity or lateral load only, most resist both, gravity load in
compression, lateral load in shear.
Types of structures
the combination of structural elements and the materials from which
they are composed is referred to as structural system.
Each system is constructed of one or more of four basic types of
structures.
1. Trusses: when the span of structure is required to be large and its
depth is not an important criterion for design, a truss may be
selected.
 Trusses consist of slender elements, usually arranged in triangular
fashion.
 Due to the geometric arrangement of its members, loads that cause the
entire truss to bend are converted into tensile or compressive forces in
the member. Because of this one of the primary advantage of a truss,
compared to a beam, is that it uses less material to support a given
load.
 Most often it is economical to use a truss to cover spans ranging from
9m to 122m. Frequently used for bridges and roofs.
2. Cables and Arches: cables are usually flexible and carry their loads
in tension. unlike tension ties, however, the external load is not applied
along the axis of the cable, and consequently the cable takes a form that
has a defined sag.
 The arch achieves its strength in compression, since it has a reverse
curvature to that of a cable. Arches are frequently used in bridge
structures, dome roofs, and for openings in masonry walls.
3. Frames: frames are often used in buildings and are composed of
beams and columns that are either pin or fixed connected.
 The strength of such a frame is derived from the moment interaction
between the beams and the columns at rigid joints.
4. Surface structures: a surface structure is made from a material
having a very small thickness compared to its other dimensions.
 Surface structures may be made of rigid material such as reinforced
concrete. they support loads primarily in tension and in compression.
In spite of this, plate or shell structures are generally very difficult to
analyze, due to the three dimensional geometry of their surface.
1.3 Structural requirement
• To perform its function of supporting a building in response to
whatever loads may be applied to it, a structure must possess four
properties:
 it must be capable of achieving a state of equilibrium,
 it must be stable,
 it must have adequate strength and
 it must have adequate rigidity.

Equilibrium: This requires that the internal configuration of the


structure together with the means by which it is connected to its
foundations must be such that all applied loads are balanced exactly by
reactions generated at its foundations.
• Architectural structures must be capable of achieving equilibrium
under all directions of load.
Geometric stability: is the property which preserves the geometry of a
structure and allows its elements to act together to resist load.
Strength and rigidity

The application of load to a structure generates internal forces in the elements


and external reacting forces at the foundations and the elements and
foundations must have sufficient strength and rigidity to resist these. They
must not rupture when the peak load is applied.
This is chiefly a matter of providing elements with cross sections of adequate
size, given the strength of the constituent material.
Chapter end

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