ENGLISH FOR

ACADEMIC AND
PROFESSIONAL
PURPOSES
Quarter 2
GATHERS INFORMATION
FROM SURVEYS,
EXPERIMENTS OR
OBSERVATIONS
OBJECTIVES At the end of
this lesson, you are
expected to:
● Gathers information from
surveys, experiments or
observations
VOCABULARY LIST
Data Facts or information used usually to calculate, analyze or
plan something (Merriam Webster Dictionary).

Survey It is a research method used for collecting data from a

predefined group of respondents to gain information and
insights into various topics of interest. They can have
multiple purposes, and researchers can conduct it in
many ways depending on the methodology chosen and
the study’s goal.
Coding Involves translating entries on questionnaires to letters or
numbers
Loopholes An error in the way a law, rule, or contract is written that it
makes people to legally avoid obeying it. Source: Merriam
Dictionary
PRE-TEST
KWL CHART

INSTRUCTIONS: On the first column, list the things that you know about data
gathering, processing and organization. On the second column, list the things that
you want to know about data processing and gathering. On the third column, list the
things that you have learned (based on your readings) about data processing,
gathering and organization.
What I know about data What I want to know What I have learned about
processing, gathering and about data processing, data processing, gathering
organization gathering and and organization
organization
 GATHERING INFORMATION FROM SURVEY/S AND INTERVIEWS
(QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DATA)

A data analysis also lends credibility to the researched

data. It backs the data up with trustworthy references and
gives it a theoretical base to stand on. Data Analysis is also
an easy way to evaluate the students regarding their
understanding of the research material in general. Your
data is the backbone of your research. It is the base on
which the entire study will rely upon. After months of
grueling researches, scholars amass large amount of data.
This data has to be properly integrated and kept in
an organized fashion. This article will discuss about
the importance of data analysis in a research paper.
Providing an insight and interpretation in the form
of analysis of the entire data also rules out any
chance of human bias. The reader would get a clear
and straightforward picture. Similarly, the
researcher being devoid of loopholes and hanging
ends would deliver the precise intended message
across without any incidence of the reader getting
biased (Strauss, et al, 1990
 A. PROCESS OF QUANTITATIVE
DATA PREPARATION/ANALYSIS
In order for you to follow step by step as to how should you gather information from
survey/s, experiment/s, and quantitative data, follow these simple steps below:
STEPS IN GATHERING INFORMATION FROM SURVEYS, EXPERIMENTS OR QUANTITATIVE DATA

STEP 1 DATA PREPARATION Your main task in this step is to collect and prepare data you’ve
gathered from a survey. Your aim is to convert raw data into
something meaningful and readable.
STEPS IN GATHERING INFORMATION FROM SURVEYS, EXPERIMENTS OR QUANTITATIVE DATA

STEP 2 DATA VALIDATION The purpose of data validation is for you to find out, as far as
possible, whether the data collection was done as per the pre-set
standards and without any bias. It is a four-step process, which
includes…
1. Fraud, to infer whether each respondent was actually
interviewed or not.
2. Screening, to make sure that respondents were chosen as per
the research criteria.
3. Procedure, to check whether the data collection procedure
was duly followed.
4. Completeness, to ensure that the interviewer asked the
respondent all the questions, rather than just a few required
ones (Black, 1999)
STEPS IN GATHERING INFORMATION FROM SURVEYS, EXPERIMENTS OR QUANTITATIVE DATA

STEP 3 DATA EDITING Typically, large data sets include errors. For example, respondents
may fill fields incorrectly or skip them accidentally. To make sure
that there are no such errors, the researcher should conduct basic
data checks, check for outliers, and edit the raw research data to
identify and clear out any data points that may hamper the
accuracy of the results. (Black, 1999) For example, an error could
be fields that were left empty by respondents. While editing the
data, it is important to make sure to remove or fill all the empty
fields.
STEPS IN GATHERING INFORMATION FROM SURVEYS, EXPERIMENTS OR QUANTITATIVE DATA

STEP 4 DATA CODING Data coding is the process of converting data collected into
numeric format. To facilitate the coding process, a codebook
should be created to guide the coding process. A codebook is a
comprehensive document which contains detailed description or
explanation of the following:
1. each variable in a research study,
2. items of measures for that variable,
3. the format of each item (numeric, text, etc.);
4. the response scale for each item (whether it is measured using
The four levels of measurements include (Yamashita & Espinosa,
2015):
STEPS IN GATHERING INFORMATION FROM SURVEYS, EXPERIMENTS OR QUANTITATIVE DATA

STEP 4 DATA CODING ● nominal data: basic classification data; lack logical order - e.g.
male or female ● ordinal data: has logical order but lack constant
differences between values – e.g. Pizza size (large, medium,
small) ● interval data: has logical order, is continuous, has
standardized differences between values but lacks natural zero –
e.g. Celsius degrees ● ratio data: has logical order, is continuous,
has standardized differences between values, and has a natural
zero – e.g. height, weight, age, length
STEPS IN GATHERING INFORMATION FROM SURVEYS, EXPERIMENTS OR QUANTITATIVE DATA

STEP 4 DATA CODING 5. After identifying a level of measurement, the next step is to use
a specific analysis technique in analyzing data. There are several
procedures that can be used to analyze data. Main ones include
(Yamashita & Espinosa, 2015): ● Data tabulation (e.g. frequency
distributions & percent distributions)
● Data descriptives (e.g. Mean, medium, mode, minimum and
maximum values, etc.)
STEPS IN GATHERING INFORMATION FROM SURVEYS, EXPERIMENTS OR QUANTITATIVE DATA

STEP 4 DATA CODING ● Data descriptives (e.g. Mean, medium, mode, minimum and
maximum values, etc.) ● Data disaggregation (tabulation of data
across multiple categories) ● Moderate and advanced analytical
methods (regression, correlation, variance analysis) Source:
Bhattacherjee 2012,
STEPS IN GATHERING INFORMATION FROM SURVEYS, EXPERIMENTS OR QUANTITATIVE DATA

STEP 5 DATA ENTRY OR DATA After you’ve finished coding the data, your next task is to transfer
RECORDING the information from survey questionnaires or code sheets to
computer files for processing. It is done more quickly and more
accurately if two persons work together- one reading and
typing/entering information (Black, 1999). Smaller data sets with
less than 65,000 observations and 256 items can be stored in a
spreadsheet such as Microsoft Excel, while larger dataset with
millions of observations will require a database. Source:
Bhattacherjee 2012, 120
STEPS IN GATHERING INFORMATION FROM SURVEYS, EXPERIMENTS OR QUANTITATIVE DATA

STEP 6 DATA TRANSFORMATI Data transformation is the process of converting data from one
ON format or structure into another format or structure (Black, 1999).

STEP 7 DATA CLEANSING This involves double checking of the data that you’ve entered in
the computer. This is important specifically if there are large
numbers of respondents (Black, 1999).
B. PROCESS OF QUALITATIVE
DATA ANALYSIS
According to the National Science Foundation
(1997): Qualitative analysis is “unguided by
universal rules; has a fluid process that is
greatly dependent on the evaluator and to the
context of the study.” This involves the
identification, examination and interpretation
of patterns and themes in textual data. This
also determines how these patterns and
themes help answer the research questions.
Formal systems for the analysis of qualitative data
have been developed in order to help researchers get
at the meaning of their data more easily. These
systems involve:
1.GETTING TO KNOW THE DATA -
Reading, listening and playing the
recorded responses and taking down
notes.
2.FOCUSING THE ANALYSIS - focus by
question or topic - focus by case,
individual or group
3. CODING - Categorizing the data - is the process of
analyzing the data and searching for essential
information that answers the research questions.
They are considered essential if they occur of have
been mentioned several times by the informants. In
other words, it is a process of filtering the data
(Farber 2006). These essential words are marked or
labeled (coded). Codes are words that represent
themes or patterns. There are two types of codes in
qualitative research: emergent and preset
(TaylorPowell and Renner 2003)

4. ENTERING DATA - Encoding and saving the file.

5. EDITING/REVISING - Editing is checking
the format, grammar, etc. -Revising is
checking the content and logical organization.
6. IDENTIFYING MEANINGFUL PATTERNS
AND THEMES -
- Content Analysis – identifying patterns ideas,
concepts, behaviors, incidents, terms or
phrases used and interpreting their
meanings.
- - Thematic Analysis – analyzing the data by
7. INTERPRETING THE DATA - After
identifying the themes and patterns and
after analyzing the identified themes and
patterns, these must be synthesized as a
whole. Meaning and significance are
attached to the analysis of data. This plus
the patterns and themes identified will all
help formulate the Findings, Conclusions
and Recommendations of the study.
Example: Research Title: The Effects of
Cyberbullying among Teenagers Statement of
the Problem
1.What are the experiences of selected
teenagers in relation to cyberbullying?
2.What are the effects of cyberbullying among
these teenagers particularly in the following
variables:
a.Physical
b.Psychological
c.Emotional
C. GATHERING INFORMATION FROM OBSERVATIONS

TYPES OF DEFINITION EXAMPLES STRENGTHS AND

OBSERVATION WEAKNESSES

Participant vs. Non- Non-participant For example, a Both participant and

Participant Observation observation: the researcher who wants to non-participant
researcher is separate study “paghagot” could observation can yield
from the activity first watch parhagots valuable or detrimental
(i.e. non-participant observational data,
observation) to get an depending on your
overview of how they do study. However, they are
their job. often most effective
when used together to
develop a more
complete picture of
what’s being studied.
 C. GATHERING INFORMATION FROM OBSERVATIONS

Simple vs. Simple observation: The researcher counts Both of these forms of
Behavioral the researcher how many students fail observation are most valuable
Observation collects simple mathematics class in a when used together to
numerical data specific grade level understand details within a
bigger picture. For example, a
researcher may combine simple
observational data (how many
people attend a workshop) with
behavioral observational data
Behavioral How engaging a lecturer (how actively people participate
observation: the on Mathematics is or how in the workshop) to assess how
researcher interprets motivated the “failing effective a workshop is. Even
people’s behavior students” are in the said seasoned professionals are
subject matter? susceptible to researcher bias
— errors due to bias and mental
shortcuts. Watch out for these
shortcomings that can discredit
even the best surveys.
 C. GATHERING INFORMATION FROM OBSERVATIONS

Direct vs. Indirect Direct observation: (e.g. they are watching Direct observation is valuable
Observation the researcher students in the cafeteria because it offers real-time
observes an activity at lunch to learn about information. Its weakness,
as it happens their eating habits) however, is that it misses
anything outside of the
observation.

Indirect observation: (e.g. they examine the The value in indirect

the researcher trash left over after observation lies in the fact that it
observes the results students’ lunches to learn is non-invasive and people’s
of an activity about their food waste behavior will not be affected by
habits) the presence of an observer. Its
weakness, however, is that
information collected could be
limited depending on what is
being indirectly observed.
 C. GATHERING INFORMATION FROM OBSERVATIONS

Covert vs. Covert observation: the Covert observation Covert observation raises immediate
Overt researcher observes takes places when a ethical issues (since people involved in a
Observation secretly researcher is study should give informed consent first).
observing the activity However, covert observation allows
in secret (perhaps researchers to access groups that
through a hidden otherwise would not participate in studies,
video camera). allowing researchers to expand
knowledge on lesser-known social groups.
Overt observation: In overt observation, An advantage of overt observation is that
people know the as the name it lets researchers be honest with
researcher is observing describes, the people participants and tell them they’re being
them being observed know observed. This avoids any ethical issues,
a researcher is like the lack of informed consent.
observing them. However, a related disadvantage is that
the participants understand the aims of
the observer, so they’re more likely to
alter their behavior.
Observational data is a valuable form of
research that can give researchers
information that goes beyond numbers
and statistics. In general, observation is a
systematic way to collect data by
observing people in natural situations or
settings. There are many different types
of observation, each with its strengths
and weaknesses (Ferguson, 2018).
Practice Task 1
Code/Categories/Themes
Direction: Complete the table below. Think of possible preset codes/categories/themes for the
given questions.

Areas of Focus Codes/Categories/Themes

1. How do you deal with bullies?

2. What is the most preferred track of incoming

Grade 11 students?

3. What do you think is your secret in your

carpentry shop that keeps customers coming
back?
Practice Task 2
Direction: Analyze and comprehend the given interview transcription. Use codes in order
to identify patterns and themes.

Q1: What has motivated you to share, with so many people watching, all the personal parts of
your life?

A: My intention was never to become a tabloid. So when things kind of happened that way, it got
out of control. And then I was like, “Wait, none of this is true.” The way the media has sometimes
tried to explain things has made it sound really bad, when in reality there’s nothing wrong with the
fact that I needed to go away or that I fell in love. I had to start opening up because people were
taking away my narrative and it was killing me. I’m so young and I’m going to keep changing, and
no one has the right to tell me how my life’s going.
Practice Task 3
Direction: Provide the required information below. Refer to your proposed research study.
1. Proposed Study:
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Conduct an interview using the questions you on your questionnaires to start coding, and
identifying themes and categories.
3. Write examples of transcript derived from the interview Question:
________________________________________________________________________
Interviewee 1: ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Interviewee 2: ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Interviewee 3: ___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ _______________
4. What themes did you identify?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
__________________________________
POST TEST
Read and comprehend the questions below. Choose your
answers from the given choices. Write your answer/s in a
CAPITAL LETTER in your notebook.
1. method in establishing reliability where the
same test is given to a group of respondents
twice._________
A. stability
B. sensitivity
C. specificity
D. speed
2. This involves the identification,
examination, and interpretation of
patterns and themes.________
A. quantitative data analysis
B. data analysis
C. analysis
D. qualitative data analysis
3. Which of the following is the correct order of processes involving
qualitative analysis? ________
I. Cleaning the data
II. Coding
III. Entering and organizing the data
IV. Focusing the analysis
V. Getting to know the data
VI. Identifying meaningful patterns and themes
VII.Interpreting the data
A. V, IV, II, III, I, VI, VII C. VII, VI, I, III, II, IV, V
B. I, III, V, II, IV, VI, VII D. VII, VI, IV, II, V, III, I
4. Which of the following type of
observation does the researcher observes
an activity as it happens? _______ A.
Participant observation
B. Non-participant observation
C. Direct observation
D. Indirect observation
5. Which of the following is TRUE about observation as a
type of data analysis method? _________
A. Observation lets researchers view and test a hypothesis in
the real world, making it less hypothetical than other data
collection methods.
B. Observation provides a more reliable measurement of
actual behavior than selfreported metrics
C. Observational research can include a high degree of
researcher bias — the observer is human, and his/her
subconscious opinions or biases can affect the analysis.
D. Observation often only tells one part of the story.
Observing actions tells a researcher what people choose to
do, but it doesn’t tell why they chose to do it.