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Seminar on
PN Junction

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 Table Contents
 Definition
 Introduction
 Formation of P-N Junction
 Conditions of P-N Junction Diode
 P-N Junction Formula
 Current flow in PN Junction
 Applications of P-N Junction Diode
 Conclusion

2
 Definition

A P-N junction is an interface or a

boundary between two semiconductor
material types, namely the p-type and the
n-type, inside a semiconductor.

3
 Introduction

• In a semiconductor, the P-N junction is

created by the method of doping.
• The p-side or the positive side of the
semiconductor has an excess of holes, and the
n-side or the negative side has an excess of
electrons. The process of doping is explained
in further detail in the next section.

4
5
 Formation of P-N Junction
• As we know, if we use different
semiconductor materials to make a P-N
junction, there will be a grain boundary that
would inhibit the movement of electrons
from one side to the other by scattering the
electrons and holes and thus, we use the
process of doping.

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6
 Formation of P-N Junction
• We will understand the process of doping with
the help of this example.
• Let us consider a thin p-type silicon
semiconductor sheet. If we add a small amount
of pentavalent impurity to this, a part of the p-
type Si will get converted to n-type silicon.
• This sheet will now contain both the p-type
region and the n-type region and a junction
between these two regions.

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7
 Formation of P-N Junction
• The processes that follow after forming a P-N
junction are of two types – diffusion and
drift. There is a difference in the
concentration of holes and electrons at the
two sides of a junction.
• The holes from the p-side diffuse to the n-
side, and the electrons from the n-side
diffuse to the p-side. These give rise to a
diffusion current across the junction.

8
 Conditions of P-N Junction Diode
• Zero bias: No external voltage is applied to
the P-N junction diode.
• Forward bias: The positive terminal of the
voltage potential is connected to the p-type
while the negative terminal is connected to
the n-type.
• Reverse bias: The negative terminal of the
voltage potential is connected to the p-type
and the positive is connected to the n-type.
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 Conditions of P-N Junction Diode
Forward Bias
• When the p-type is connected to the
battery’s positive terminal and the n-type to
the negative terminal, then the P-N junction
is said to be forward-biased.
• When the P-N junction is forward biased, the
built-in electric field at the P-N junction and
the applied electric field are in opposite
directions.
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10
Conditions of P-N Junction Diode

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11
 Conditions of P-N Junction Diode
Reverse Bias
• When the p-type is connected to the
battery’s negative terminal and the n-type is
connected to the positive side, the P-N
junction is reverse biased.
• In this case, the built-in electric field and the
applied electric field are in the same
direction.

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12
Conditions of P-N Junction Diode

13
 P-N Junction Formula
• The formula used in the P-N junction depends upon
the built-in potential difference created by the
electric field is given as:

• Where, E0 is the zero bias junction voltage

• VT is the thermal voltage of 26mV at room
temperature
• ND and NA are the impurity concentrations
• ni is the intrinsic concentration.
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14
 Current Flow in PN Junction
• The flow of electrons from the n-side towards
the p-side of the junction takes place when there
is an increase in the voltage.
• Similarly, the flow of holes from the p-side
towards the n-side of the junction takes place
along with the increase in the voltage. This
results in the concentration gradient between
both sides of the terminals.

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15
 Current Flow in PN Junction
• Due to the concentration gradient formation,
charge carriers will flow from higher-
concentration regions to lower-concentration
regions.
• The movement of charge carriers inside the P-N
junction is the reason behind the current flow in
the circuit

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 Applications of P-N Junction Diode
• P-N junction diode can be used as a photodiode
as the diode is sensitive to the light when the
configuration of the diode is reverse-biased.
• It can be used as a solar cell.
• When the diode is forward-biased, it can be used
in LED lighting applications.
• It is used as rectifier in many electric circuits and
as a voltage-controlled oscillator in varactors

17
 Conclusion
 A p–n junction diode allows electric charges to
flow in one direction, but not in the opposite
direction; negative charges (electrons) can easily
flow through the junction from n to p but not
from p to n, and the reverse is true for holes.

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References

• Wikipedia.org
• Google.com
• Seminarppt.com
• Studymafia.org
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