GECC101

PREPARED BY:

MR. ARUTA, MS. DEGOLLACION, MS.

DUHAYLUNGSOD
COLLEGE INSTRUCTORS
, MR. SEGARA, & MR.
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
NECESARIO
 UNPACKING
THE SELF:
THE SEXUAL SELF
 REPRODUCTIVE
• The reproductive system is a set of organs and
SYSTEM
structures in the human body responsible for the

production of offspring. Its primary function is to create,

nurture, and deliver gametes (sperm in males and eggs in

females) and facilitate fertilization, pregnancy, and the

development of offspring.

• Reproduction is the process by which organisms make

 Early Stages of
Development of the
Male and Female
Reproductive System
 Formation of
Gonads
(Reproductive
According to E.N. Marieb (2001),
the development of the gonads,
Glands)
which are the reproductive
glands responsible for producing
gametes (sperm in males and
eggs in females), begins during
the early stages of embryonic
development. This process occurs
until approximately the eighth
week of development.
 Indifferent Stage

In the initial phases of human

embryonic development, the
reproductive structures of both
males and females are similar
and undifferentiated. This stage
is referred to as the "indifferent
stage" because the structures
have not yet developed distinct
male or female characteristics.
 Differentiation of Primary
Reproductive Structures
As embryonic development progresses, the primary
reproductive structures start to differentiate into either
male or female structures. The eventual development of
these structures depends on the presence of a specific
hormone called testosterone.

Role of Testosterone in Male Development: Typically,

when male embryos form testes (the male gonads), these
testes release testosterone. Testosterone is a male sex
hormone, and its presence triggers the development of the
male duct system and external genitalia. This process
results in the formation of the male reproductive system.

Female Development in the Absence of Testosterone:

In contrast, in female embryos that develop ovaries (the
female gonads), testosterone hormone is not produced in
significant amounts. As a result, the absence of
testosterone allows the female ducts and external genitalia
to develop, leading to the formation of the female
reproductive system.
 Pseudohermaphroditism
A person whose private parts don't match
their biological sex

Female Pseudohermaphrodite: A female

fetus develop some male-like features while
still being genetically female.

Male Pseudohermaphrodite: A person

who has male genes (you know, those XY
chromosomes) and has testes (the male
parts inside), but on the outside, they might
look like they're somewhere in between
male and female or completely female.
 Cryptorchidism
A condition in which one or both testes (the
male reproductive organs responsible for
producing sperm and testosterone) fail to
descend into the scrotum.
Puberty: Growing Up and Becoming
Fertile
▪ When we reach a certain age, usually between
10 and 15, our reproductive organs start
growing and working like they should.
▪ In boys, it means their private parts grow bigger,
and they start growing hair in certain places like
the armpits and face. This happens because of a
hormone called testosterone.
▪ For girls, the first sign is usually their breasts
starting to grow at around age 11. Then, they
have their first period, called "menarche," about
two years later. Hormones like estrogen play a
big role in this.
▪ From this point on, guys and girls can have
babies. Guys keep making sperm, and girls start
releasing eggs for possible baby-making. This
phase of life is called "puberty."
 Diseases Associated
with the Reproductive
System
 Infections in Women

Vaginal infections are more common in

young and elderly women and in those
whose resistance to diseases is low. The
usual infections include those caused by
Escherichia coli which spread through the
digestive tract; the sexually transmitted
microorganisms such as syphilis, gonorrhea,
and herpes virus; and yeast (a type of
fungus). Vaginal infections that are left
untreated may spread throughout the
female reproductive tract and may cause
pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility.
Problems that involve painful or abnormal
menses may also be due to infection or
hormone imbalance.
 Infections in Men

In males, the most common inflammatory

conditions are prostatitis, urethritis, and
epididymitis, all of which may follow sexual
contacts in which sexually transmitted
disease (STD) microorganisms are
transmitted. Orchiditis, or inflammation of
the testes, is rather uncommon but is
serious because it can cause sterility.
Orchiditis most commonly follows mumps in
an adult male.
 Neoplasms

Neoplasms are a major threat to

reproductive organs. Tumors of the breast
and cervix are the most common
reproductive cancers in adult females, and
prostate cancer (a common sequel to
prostatic hypertrophy) is a widespread
problem in adult males.
 Menopause in Females:
As women age, they go through a natural process
known as menopause. This transition typically
occurs in the late 40s to early 50s and is
characterized by a decrease in ovarian function.
This decline in ovarian function results in reduced
estrogen production, leading to irregular ovulation
and shorter menstrual periods, eventually
culminating in the cessation of menstruation.

Male Aging:
Unlike females, males do not experience a
counterpart to menopause. Although aging men
may experience a gradual decline in testosterone
secretion, their reproductive capability often
continues well into their later years, allowing them
to father offspring even in their 80s and beyond.
 Erogenous Zones
• Refer to parts of the body that are primarily receptive and

increase sexual arousal when touched in a sexual manner.

• It's important to note that erogenous zones are not the same

for everyone. Each individual may have their unique set of

erogenous zones, and what brings pleasure can vary widely from

person to person. Some people may find that certain areas of

their body are more sensitive and responsive to sexual

EROGENOUS ZONES
IN THE
HUMAN BODY
 Human Sexual
• Human sexual behavior is defined as any activity-solitary,
Behavior
between two persons, or in a group--that induces sexual

arousal (Gebhard, P.H. 2017). There are two major factors that

determine human sexual behavior: the inherited sexual

response patterns that have evolved as a means of ensuring

reproduction and that become part of each individual's genetic

inheritance, and the degree of restraint or other types of

Types of Human
Sexual Behavior
 Solitary Behavior

Refers to sexual activities involving only one

individual. The most common form of
solitary behavior is self-gratification, which
involves self-stimulation leading to sexual
arousal and climax. This behavior typically
occurs in private and is more common
among young males, particularly before they
engage in sociosexual activities. Self-
gratification is a normal part of sexual
development and often includes sexual
fantasies, which can involve idealized
partners or activities the individual may not
have experienced or may even avoid in real
life.
Sociosexual Behavior
Involves interactions with others and can
be further categorized into heterosexual
and homosexual behavior.

Heterosexual Behavior: This type of

sociosexual behavior occurs between one
male and one female and is the most
common form of sexual interaction
among humans.

Homosexual Behavior: This involves

sexual interactions between individuals
of the same gender, either between
males (male-male) or females (female-
female).

Group Sexual Behavior: If three or

more individuals are involved, it is
possible to have a combination of
heterosexual and homosexual activity
simultaneously.
 Coitus
Refers to sexual intercourse involving the
insertion of the male reproductive structure into
the female reproductive organ. The societal
perception of coitus varies depending on the
marital status of the individuals involved:

Premarital Coitus: Many societies allow

premarital coitus, particularly if the individuals
intend to marry. In modern Western society,
premarital coitus is tolerated but not always
encouraged.

Marital Coitus: Coitus within marriage is

generally considered an obligation in most
societies.

Extramarital Coitus: Extramarital coitus,

especially involving wives, is often condemned by
society and, if permitted, is subject to strict
conditions. There is often a double standard in
society's attitudes towards extramarital behavior.

Postmarital Coitus: Coitus by separated,

divorced, or widowed individuals is typically not a
focus of societal attention.
Physiology of
Human Sexual
Response
Excitement Phase:
The initial response to sexual stimulation and desire. It is characterized by
several physiological changes:
An increase in heart rate and blood pressure.
A sudden surge in blood flow to the skin, resulting in increased skin
temperature and flushing.
Swelling of body parts that can distend or enlarge, particularly in males
(the male reproductive structure) and females (the breasts).
More rapid breathing.
Secretion of genital fluids.
Vaginal expansion in females.
Increased muscle tension throughout the body.
Plateau Phase:
The plateau phase is generally of brief duration and occurs as sexual
stimulation continues.
If the sexual stimulation continues and reaches a sufficient level of intensity, it
typically leads to the next phase, which is the sexual climax or orgasm.
Sexual Climax (Orgasm):
Often referred to as an orgasm, is characterized by several key features:
An intense and abrupt feeling of pleasure.
A rapid increase in heart rate and blood pressure.
Pelvic muscle contractions, which cause contractions of the female
reproductive organ (uterus) and ejaculation in males.
SEXUAL CLIMAX
Involuntary vocalizations, such as moans or cries of pleasure.
The duration of a sexual climax is relatively short, typically lasting a few
seconds, although it can vary from person to person.
Resolution Phase:
The resolution phase is the final stage of the sexual response cycle.
During this phase, the body gradually returns to a normal or subnormal
physiological state.
Both males and females follow a similar sequence in their sexual response,
but there are some differences:
Males generally return to a normal state even if stimulation continues,
but continued stimulation can lead to additional orgasms.
Females, on the other hand, are physically capable of experiencing
multiple orgasms without the intervening "rest period" required by
males. This means that, with sustained and appropriate stimulation,
some females can experience multiple orgasms in a relatively short
period.
 Sexual
Problems
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEM
In the context of sexual response typically arise from

diseases or abnormalities affecting the physical aspects of

sexual function. Some examples include:

• Genitalia Abnormalities: A small number of individuals may have
sexual problems due to abnormal development of their genitalia.
• Neurophysiological Issues: Some individuals may experience sexual
problems related to abnormalities in the neurophysiology that controls
sexual response.
• Medical Conditions: Various medical conditions, such as vaginal
infections, retroverted uteri, prostatitis, adrenal tumors, diabetes, age-
 PSYCHOLOGICAL
Psychological factors are often rooted in the mind and emotions and can result
from social pressures, inhibitions, attitudes, misinformation, and societal beliefs.

PROBLEM
For example:
Sexual Myths: Beliefs perpetuated by society, such as the idea that "good" sex
involves rapid erection, prolonged intercourse, and simultaneous orgasm, can
create unrealistic expectations and cause feelings of inadequacy and anxiety.
Premature Ejaculation: In some cases, premature ejaculation may be a result of
excessive tension and sexual deprivation, rather than a psychological problem.
Erectile Impotence: In younger males, erectile impotence is often of
psychological origin, while in older males, physical factors become more relevant.
Fear of impotence itself can lead to erectile difficulties, and sometimes the
problem becomes self-perpetuating.
Ejaculatory Impotence: This is a rare issue where an individual cannot ejaculate
during intercourse, and it is typically rooted in psychological factors like anxiety,
traumatic experiences, or feelings of contamination.
Vaginismus: This condition involves strong pelvic muscle spasms that make
vaginal penetration painful or impossible. It can be caused by anti-sexual
 SOCIAL FACTORS
Social factors can also contribute to sexual problems. Societal norms,
cultural beliefs, and relationship dynamics can influence an individual's
sexual experience and may exacerbate psychological or physiological issues.
Cultural Beliefs and Values: Different cultures have different beliefs and
values related to sexuality. Some cultures may have conservative views that
stigmatize certain sexual practices or orientations, causing individuals to feel
guilt or shame about their sexual desires or preferences.
Religious Influences: Religious teachings and doctrines can play a
significant role in shaping individuals' attitudes towards sex. Some religions
have strict guidelines about sexual conduct, leading to internal conflict or
guilt when a person's actions deviate from these teachings.
Peer Pressure: Peer pressure from friends or social circles can influence
sexual decision-making. For example, pressure to engage in risky sexual
behaviors or to conform to a particular sexual norm can lead to sexual
problems or unwanted consequences.
Body Image and Self-Esteem: Societal pressures to conform to certain
beauty standards can lead to body image issues and low self-esteem. These
feelings can negatively impact sexual self-confidence and overall sexual
 Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
 HIV/AIDS
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is
a virus that attacks the immune system,
specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which
help the immune system fight off infections.

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency

Syndrome) is the advanced stage of HIV
infection, characterized by a severely
weakened immune system and the
occurrence of opportunistic infections or
certain cancers. In summary, HIV is the virus
that causes AIDS, but not everyone with HIV
develops AIDS. With proper medical care
and antiretroviral treatment, HIV progression
to AIDS can often be prevented or delayed.
 Chlamydia
In 2016, a total of 1,598,354 cases of Chlamvdia
Trachomatis infection were reported to the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), making
it the most common notifiable condition in the
United States. This case count corresponds to a
rate of 497.3 cases per 100,000 population, an
increase of 4.7% compared with the rate in 2015.
During 2015 to 2016, rates of reported chlamydia
increased in all regions of the United States. Rates
of chlamydia are highest among adolescent and
young adult females, the population targeted for
routine chlamydia screening. Among young women
attending family planning clinics participating in a
sentinel surveillance program who were tested for
chlamydia, 9.2% of 15 to 19 years old and 8.0% of
20 to 24 years old were positive. Rates of reported
cases among men are generally lower than rates
among women
 Gonorrhea
In 2016, 468,514 gonorrhea cases were reported
for a rate of 145.8 cases per 100,000 population,
an increase of 18.5% from 2015. During 2015 to
2016, the rate of reported gonorrhea increased
22.2% among men and 13.8% among women. The
magnitude of the increase among men suggests
either increased transmission or increased case
ascertainment (e.g., through increased extra-
genital screening) among MSM (men who have sex
with men) or both. The concurrent increases
among cases reported among women suggest
parallel increases in heterosexual transmission,
increased screening among women, or both. In
2016, the rate of reported cases of gonorrhea
remained highest among African Americans (481.2
cases per 100,000 population) and among
American Indians/Alaska Natives (242.9 cases per
100,000 population). During 2012 to 2016, rates
increased among all racial and ethnic groups.
Antimicrobial resistance remains an important
consideration in the treatment of gonorrhea.
 Syphilis
In 2016, 27,814 Primary and Secondary (P&S)
syphilis cases were reported, representing a
national rate of 8.7 cases per 100,000 population
and a 17.6% increase from 2015. From 2015 to
2016, the P&S syphilis rate increased among both
men and women in every region of the country;
overall, the rate increased 14.7% among men and
35.7% among women.
During 2012 to 2016, P&S syphilis rates were
consistently highest among persons aged 20 to 29
years old, but rates increased in every 5-year age
group among those aged 15 to 64 years. In 2016,
rates were highest among African Americans (23.3
per 100,000 population) and Native Hawaiian/
Other Pacific Islanders (13.9 per 100,000
population); however, rates increased among all
racial and ethnic groups in 2012 to 2016
 Chancroid

Chancroid is caused by infection with the

bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi. Clinical
manifestations include genital ulcers and inguinal
lymphadenopathy or buboes. Reported cases of
chancroid declined steadily between 1987 and
2001. Since then, the number of reported cases
has fluctuated somewhat, while still appearing to
decline overall. In 2016, a total of 7 cases of
chancroid were reported in the United States.
 Human Papillomavirus

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common

sexually transmitted infection in the United States.
Over 40 distinct HPV types can infect the genital
tract; although most infections are asymptomatic
and appear to resolve spontaneously within a few
years, the prevalence of genital infection with any
HPV type was 42.5% among United States adults
aged 18 to 59 years during 2013 to 2014.
Persistent infection with some HPV types can cause
cancer and genital warts. HPV types 16 and 18
account for approximately 66% of
cervical cancers in the United States, and
approximately 25% of low-grade and 50% of high-
grade cervical intraepithelial lesions, or dysplasia.
HPV types 6 and 11 are responsible for
approximately 90% of genital warts.
 Herpes Simplex Virus

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is among the most

prevalent of sexually transmitted infections.
Although most infections are subclinical, clinical
manifestations are characterized by recurrent,
painful genital and/or anal lesions. Most genital
HSV infections in the United States are caused by
HSV type 2 (HSV-2), while HSV type 1 (HSV-1)
infections are typically orolabial and acquired
during childhood.
 Trichomonas Vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually

transmitted protozoal infection associated with
adverse health outcomes such as preterm birth
and symptomatic vaginitis. It is not a nationally
reportable condition, and trend data are limited to
estimates of initial physician office visits for this
condition. Visits appear to be fairly stable since the
1990s; the number of initial visits for Trichomonas
vaginalis infection in 2015 was 139,000.
 Natural and
Artificial Methods
of Contraception
 NATURAL METHOD
The natural family planning methods do not
involve any chemical or foreign body
introduction into the human body.

People who are very conscious of their

religious beliefs are more inclined to use the
natural way of birth control and others follow
such natural methods because they are more
cost-effective.
 Abstinence

This natural method involves refraining from

sexual intercourse and is the most effective natural
birth control method with ideally 0% fail rate. It is
considered to be the most effective way to avoid
STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections). However,
most people find it difficult to comply with
abstinence, so only a few use this method.
 Calendar Method

This method is also called as the rhythm method. It

entails withholding from coitus during the days
that the woman is fertile.
According to the menstrual cycle, the woman is
likely to conceive three or four days before and
three or four days after ovulation. The woman
needs to record her menstrual cycle for six months
in order to calculate the woman's safe days to
prevent conception.
Basal Body Temperature

The basal body temperature (BBT)

indicates the woman's temperature at
rest. Before the day of ovulation and
during ovulation, BBT falls at 0.5°F; it
increases to a full degree because of
progesterone and maintains its level
throughout the menstrual cycle. This
serves as the basis for the method. The
woman must record her temperature
every morning before any activity. A
slight decrease in the basal body
temperature followed by a gradual
increase in the basal body temperature
can be a sign that a woman has
ovulated.
Cervical Mucus Method

The change in the cervical mucus

during ovulation is the basis for this
method. During ovulation, the cervical
mucus is copious, thin, and watery. It
also exhibits the property of
spinnbarkeit, wherein it can be
stretched up until at least 1 inch and is
slippery. The woman is said to be
fertile as long as the cervical mucus is
copious and watery. Therefore, she
must avoid coitus during those days to
prevent conception.
Symptothermal Method

The symptothermal method is basically

a combination of the
BBT method and the cervical mucus
method. The woman records her
temperature every morning and also
takes note of changes in her cervical
mucus. She should abstain from coitus
three days after a rise in her
temperature or on the fourth day after
the peak of a mucus change.
 Ovulation Detection

The ovulation detection method uses

an over-the-counter kit that requires
the urine sample of the woman. The kit
can predict ovulation through the
surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) that
happens 12 to 24 hours before
ovulation.
 Coitus Interruptus

Coitus Interruptus is one of the oldest

methods that prevents conception. A
couple still goes on with coitus, but the
man withdraws the moment he
ejaculates to emit the spermatozoa
outside of the female reproductive
organ. A disadvantage of this method
is the pre-ejaculation fluid that
contains a few spermatozoa that may
cause fertilization.
 ARTIFICIAL METHOD
It refers to methods of contraception or birth
control that involve the use of devices,
medications, etc.
 Oral Contraceptives

Also known as the pill, oral

contraceptives contain synthetic
estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen suppresses the Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and
LH to prevent ovulation. Moreover,
progesterone decreases the
permeability of the cervical mucus
to limit the sperm's access to the ova.
It is suggested that the woman takes
the first pill on the first Sunday after
the beginning of a menstrual flow, or
as soon as it is prescribed by the
doctor.
 Transdermal Patch

The transdermal patch contains both

estrogen and progesterone. The
woman should apply one patch every
week for three weeks on the following
areas: upper outer arm, upper torso,
abdomen, or buttocks. At the fourth
week, no patch is applied because the
menstrual flow would then occur. The
area where the patch is applied should
be clean, dry, and free of irritation.
 Vaginal Ring

The vaginal ring releases a

combination of estrogen and
progesterone and it surrounds the
cervix. This silicon ring is inserted into
the female reproductive organ and
remains there for three weeks and
then removed on the fourth week, as
menstrual flow would occur.
The woman becomes fertile as soon as
the ring is removed.
 Subdermal Implants

Subdermal implants are two rod-like

implants inserted under the skin of the
female during her menses or on the
seventh day of her menstruation to
make sure that she will not get
pregnant. The implants are made with
etonogestrel, desogestrel, and
progestin and can be helpful for three
to five years.
 Hormonal Injections

A hormonal injection contains

medroxyprogesterone, a progesterone,
and is usually given once every 12
weeks intramuscularly. The injection
causes changes in the endometrium
and cervical mucus and can help
prevent ovulation.
Intrauterine Device (IUD)

An Intrauterine device (IUD) is a small,

T-shaped object containing
progesterone that is inserted into the
uterus via the female reproductive
organ. It prevents fertilization by
creating a local sterile inflammatory
condition to prevent implantation of
the zygote. The IUD is fitted only by
the physician and inserted after the
woman's menstrual flow. The device
can be effective for five to seven years.
 Chemical Barriers

Chemical barriers such as spermicides,

vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin
films are used to cause the death of
sperms before they can enter the
cervix and to lower the pH level of the
female reproductive organ so it will not
become conducive for the sperm. On
the other hand, these chemical barriers
cannot prevent sexually transmitted
infections.
 Diaphragm

It is a circular, rubber disk that fits

the cervix and should be placed before
coitus.
Diaphragm works by inhibiting
the entrance of the sperm into the
female reproductive organ and it works
better when used together with a
spermicide.
The diaphragm should be fitted only by
the physician, and should remain in
place for six hours after coitus.
 Cervical Cap
The cervical cap is made of soft rubber and
fitted on the rim of the cervix. It is shaped
like a thimble with a thin rim, and could
stay in place for not more than 48 hours.
 Male Condoms
The male condom is a latex or
synthetic rubber sheath that is
placed on the erect male
reproductive organ
before penetration into the female
reproductive organ to trap the
sperm
during ejaculation. It can prevent
STls (Sexually Transmitted
Infections) and
can be bought over-the-counter.
Male condoms have an ideal fail
rate of 2%
and a typical fail rate of 15% due to
a break in the sheath's integrity or
spilling of semen.
 Female Condoms

Female condoms are made

up of latex rubber sheaths that
are pre-lubricated with spermicide.
They are usually bound by two
rings. The outer ring is first inserted
against the opening of the female
reproductive organ and the inner
ring covers the cervix. It is used to
prevent fertilization of the egg by
the sperm cells
 Surgical Methods
During vasectomy, a small incision is
made on each side of the scrotum. The
vas deferens is then tied, cauterized,
cut, or plugged to block the passage of
the sperm. The patient is advised to
use a backup contraceptive method
until two negative sperm count results
are recorded because the sperm could
remain viable in the vas deferens for
six months.
In women, tubal ligation is performed
after menstruation and before
ovulation. The procedure is done
through a small incision under the
woman's umbilicus that targets the
fallopian tube for cutting. cauterizing,
or blocking to inhibit the passage of
both the sperm and the ova.