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Introduction To DIP

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26 views13 pages

Introduction To DIP

fsgsgsgsg

Uploaded by

raju
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Image Processing

B.Tech. IV(ECE) / Semester: I

Dr. K. Raju
Professor in ECE
Why Digital Image Processing?
•To have improvement of pictorial information for
human interpretation
•To make processing of image data for tasks such
as
 Storage,
 Transmission, and
 Extraction of pictorial information.

2
What is Digital Image Processing(DIP)?
• An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function, f (x, y),
where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the amplitude
of f at any pair of coordinates (x, y) is called the intensity or
gray level of the image at that point.
• When x, y, and the intensity values of f are all finite,
discrete quantities, we call the image a digital image.
• The field of digital image processing refers to processing
digital images by means of a digital computer.

3
What is Digital Image Processing(DIP)?
• Digital image is composed of a
finite number of elements, each of
which has a particular location and
value. These elements are called
picture elements, image elements,
pels, and pixels.
• Pixel is the term used most widely
to denote the elements of a digital
image.

4
What is Digital Image Processing(DIP)?

5
Binary Image Vs Gray Image

6
Grayscale Chart

7
Levels in Image Processing
• Low-level processes involve operations such as image preprocessing to reduce
noise, contrast enhancement, and image sharpening.
• A low level process is characterized by the fact that both its inputs and outputs
are images.
• Mid-level processing of images involves tasks such as segmentation, description
for computer processing, and classification (recognition) of individual objects.
• A mid-level process is characterized by the fact that its inputs generally are
images, but its outputs are attributes extracted from those images (e.g., edges,
contours, and the identity of individual objects).
• Higher-level processing involves “making sense” of an ensemble of recognized
objects, as in image analysis, and, at the far end of the continuum, performing
the cognitive functions normally associated with human vision.

8
The Origins of Digital Image Processing
• One of the earliest applications of digital images was
in the newspaper industry, when pictures were first
sent by submarine cable between London and New
York.
• Bartlane cable picture transmission system in the
early 1920s reduced the time required to transport a
picture across the Atlantic from more than a week to
less than three hours.
• Specialized printing equipment coded pictures forFigure 1. A digital picture produced
in 1921 from a coded tape
cable transmission, then reconstructed them at the by a telegraph printer with
receiving end. special typefaces.
• Images was transmitted in this way and reproduced
on a telegraph printer fitted with typefaces
simulating a halftone pattern.

Dr. D. REGAN, SISTK 9


The Origins of Digital Image Processing
• One of the earliest applications of digital images was in the newspaper industry,
when pictures were first sent by submarine cable between London and New
York.
• Some of the initial problems in improving the visual quality of these early
digital pictures were related to the selection of printing procedures
and the distribution of intensity levels.

Figure 2. A digital
picture made in 1922
from a tape punched
Figure 1. A digital picture after the signals had
produced in 1921 from a crossed the Atlantic
coded tape by a telegraph twice. (McFarlane.)
printer with special
10
typefaces.
The Origins of Digital Image Processing
• Although the examples just shown
digital images, they are not considered digital
image
processing results in the context of our
definition, because digital computers were not
used in their creation.
• Thus, the history of digital image processing is
intimately tied to the development of the
digital computer.
• In fact, digital images require so much storage
and computational power and dependent on Figure 3. Unretouche cable picture
the development of digital computers and of Generals d of
(right) and
Pershing
transmitted Foch,
in 1929 from London to New
supporting technologies that include data York by 15-tone equipment. (McFarlane.)
storage, display, and transmission.

Dr. D. REGAN, SISTK 11


The Origins of Digital Image Processing
• The first computers powerful enough to carry
out meaningful image processing tasks
appeared in the early 1960s.
• Work on using computer techniques for
improving images from a space probe began at
the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena,
California) in 1964, when pictures of the moon
transmitted by Ranger 7 were processed by a
computer to correct various types of image
distortion inherent in the on-board television
camera. Figure 4. The first picture of the moon
by a
U.S. spacecraft. Ranger 7 took this
image on July 31, 1964 at 9:09 A.M.
EDT, about 17 minutes before
impacting the lunar surface. (Courtesy
12
of NASA.)
Fundamental Steps in
DIP

13

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