GE 3 Module 5

NATURE OF STATISTICS
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, the students will be
able to:
• Define statistics.
• Distinguish between descriptive statistics and
inferential statistics.
• Compare and contrast the sources of data.
• Identify and explain the types of data.
• Differentiate experimental and mathematical
variables.
• Classify variables as discrete and continuous.
• List and describe the four levels of measurements.
• Identify and explain the sampling techniques.
LESSON OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
DIVISION OF STATISTICS LEVELS OF
USES OF STATISTICS MEASUREMENT
SOURCES OF DATA SAMPLING
TYPES OF DATA TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION
Everyday we encounter statistics. Some
company advertisement use statistics so
that more customer’s would prefer their
product over competitors such as a certain
petroleum company claims that 60% of fuel
consumers preferred their products
compared to other fuel companies.
Statistics – is a branch of mathematics that
deals with the scientific collection,
organization, presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of numerical data in order to
obtain useful and meaningful information.
DIVISION OF STATISTICS
1. Descriptive Statistics – is a statistical
method concerned with describing the
properties and characteristics of a set
of data.
2. Inferential Statistics – is a statistical

method concerned with the analysis of
a sample data leading to prediction,
inferences, interpretation, or
conclusion about the entire
population.
USES OF STATISTICS
1. Sports
2. Education
3. Medicines
4. Government Policy
5. Social Problems and Issues
6. Business and Economics
7. Home
Population (N) – consists of all
members of the group about which we
want to draw a conclusion.
Sample (n) – is a portion, or part, of the
population of interest selected for
analysis.
POPULATION
SAMPLE
L B D N G
A F E H J T M N Q K C
M
R S W Q V O P
R W P D
C I K
SOURCES OF
DATA
Secondary Data – are data

Primary Data – are data that that taken from previously
come from original source, and recorded data, such as
are intended to answer specific information in research
research questions, can be conducted, industry
taken by interview, financial statements,
questionnaire, survey, business periodicals, and
observation, registration, or government reports.
experimentation.
TYPES OF
DATA
Qualitative Variable – Quantitative

a variable that is Variable – a variable
conceptualized and
analyzed as distinct
that is
categories, with no conceptualized and
continuous implied. analyzed along a
continuous implied.
Example: Example:
eye color, gender, height, weight
occupation & etc. & etc.
Experimental Classification
A researcher may classify variables according to the
function they serve in the experiment.
1. Independent Variables – are variables controlled by the
experimenter/researcher and expected to influence
the behavior of the subjects. The independent variable
is also called explanatory variable.
2. Dependent Variable – is some measure of the behavior
of subjects and expected to be influenced by the
independent variable. The dependent variable is also
called outcome variable.
EXAMPLE of Research Title:
“THE EFFECT OF FERTILIZER ON THE GROWTH OF
PLANTS”
Identify the independent variable and dependent
variable.
Answer:
Independent variable
The amount of fertilizer used.
Dependent variable
The growth of the plants.
Mathematical Classification
Variables may also be classified in terms of the
mathematical values they may take on within a given
interval.
1. Continuous Variable – are variables that can assume a
numerical value over an interval.
Example:
height, weight, speed, pressure, temperature
2. Discrete Variable – are variables whose values can be
counted using integral such as number of enrollees,
salary of teachers, length of service, birth, death,
marriage.
Example
• The heaviest man on earth weighs 340kgs.
• In the Province of Bataan as early as March 30,
2004 there were 24 fires were recorded to occur.
• The most sold cola drinks is Coke, which sold
3456 cases in a month.
• A can of tomato weighs 24g.
Levels of Measurement
A. Nominal – it is used to differentiate classes or
categories for purely classification or
identification purposes.
Qualitative Variables Categories
Gender
B. Ordinal – is used in ranking.

Qualitative Variables Categories
Student Grades
Student Class Designation

C. Interval – is used to classify order and
differentiate between classes or categories in
terms of degrees of differences.
Qualitative Variable
Temperature
Calendar Time
D. Ratio – differs from interval measurement only

in one aspect; it has true zero point. It is either
discrete or continuous.
Qualitative Variable
Weight
Salary
Sampling Techniques
• Random Sampling – is a process whose members
had an equal chance of being selected from the
sample.
1. Simple Random Sampling – is a process of
selecting sample (n) size in the population (N)
via lottery.
2. Systematic Sampling – is a process of selecting a
kth element in the population until the desired
number of subjects or respondents is obtained.
Example:
For instance, we have the data shown below;
we want to consider every 5th element on the list.
23 34 12 14 13 23 24 39 27
23 12 15 16 23 26 28 23 22
19 34 25 22 18 30 23 24 17
18 15 12
Answer:
13 23 26 34 23 and 12.
3. Stratified Sampling – is a process of subdividing
the population into subgroups or strata and
drawing members at random from each subgroup
or stratum.
4. Cluster Sampling – is a process of selecting
clusters from a population which is very large or
widely spread out over a wide geographical area.
5. Convenience Sampling – is a process of selecting a
group of individuals who conveniently are
available for study.
Example:
A researcher may only include close friends and
clients to be included in the sample population.
MEASURE OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
Math 2 - Statistics @ I-Chef - Tarrago

n
Mean
• Defined as the average or the sum
of the values of the data divided by
the number of observations made.

n
Median
• The middle score or observation of the data.
• Arranged the data from lowest to highest or from
highest to lowest.
• When the observation is odd the middle most
score is the median when the score are arranged.
(n+1)/2=nth observation
• When the observation is even. The median score
is the sum of the two-middle most score divided
by two.
n
Mode
• Defined as the score with the highest frequency.
• The most frequent score.
• Just pick out the most occurring scores.

n
MEASURE OF POSITION

n
• Measure of Position – identifies the rank or
position occupied by a data from an array of
data collected.
• Arranged the data from lowest to highest.
Percentile
Decile
Quartile

n
Percentile
• Divides a score into 100 parts.
Illustration:
P1 = 1%; P2 = 2%, …, P99 = 99%
Formula:
Pk = k(n+1)/100
K is the percentile
n is the number ofMath
n observation
2 - Statistics @ I-Chef - Tarrago
Decile
• Divide the score into 10 parts.
Illustration:
D1 = 10%, D2 = 20%,…, D9 = 90%
Formula:
Dk = k(n+1)/10
K is the Decile
n is the number ofMath
n observation
2 - Statistics @ I-Chef - Tarrago
Quartile
• Divides a score distribution into 4 parts.
Illustration:
Q1 = 25% Q2 = 50% Q3 = 75%
Formula: Qk = k(n+1)/4
K is the quartile
n is the number of observation
n
½ C.W.: Copy and answer.
• The following are the scores of 20 students in Math 1 quiz: 89, 78,
65, 78, 65, 89, 99, 98, 74, 75, 76, 72, 71, 73, 81, 80, 88, 91, 90,
100. Compute the following:
1. Mean 11. D3
2. Median 12. D6
3. Mode 13. Q1
4. P34 14. Q2
5. P58 15. Q3
6. P83
7. P15
8. D2
9. D5
10. D7 Math 2 - Statistics @ I-Chef - Tarrago
n

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NATURE OF STATISTICS

2. Inferential Statistics – is a statistical

Secondary Data – are data

Qualitative Variable – Quantitative

B. Ordinal – is used in ranking.

Student Class Designation

D. Ratio – differs from interval measurement only

Math 2 - Statistics @ I-Chef - Tarrago

Math 2 - Statistics @ I-Chef - Tarrago

Math 2 - Statistics @ I-Chef - Tarrago

Math 2 - Statistics @ I-Chef - Tarrago

Math 2 - Statistics @ I-Chef - Tarrago

P1 = 1%; P2 = 2%, …, P99 = 99%

D1 = 10%, D2 = 20%,…, D9 = 90%

Q1 = 25% Q2 = 50% Q3 = 75%

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