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Discrete Structures Week 04

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12 views

Discrete Structures Week 04

Uploaded by

wasifali9147290
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Discrete Structures

Week 04 Instructor:
Bushra Zahra
Tautology and Contradiction

 A compound proposition that is always true, no matter what the truth values of the
propositional variables that occur in it, is called a tautology.
 A compound proposition that is always false is called a contradiction.
 p ∨ ￢ p is tautology.

p ￢p p ∨ ￢p p ∧ ￢p
T F T F
F T T F

V when 1 is true in ∧ both must are true


Logical Equivalence

 Logical equivalence means that two logical statements (propositions) always have the
same truth value in every possible situation. In other words, they are logically the
same, even if they look different.
 Logical equivalence can be verified using a truth table. If two expressions have the
same truth value for all combinations of inputs, they are equivalent.
Why is Logical Equivalence
Important?

o Simplifies complex logical expressions.


o Helps in designing circuits and algorithms.
o Provides a foundation for reasoning in mathematics and computer science.
Logical Equivalence Example

p q p→q p q ¬p q ∨ ¬p

T T T T T F T

T F F T F F F

F T T F T T T

F F T F F T T
Logical Equivalence

Converse
 The proposition q → p is converse of p → q.

Contrapositive
 The contrapositive of p → q is the proposition ￢ q → ￢ p.

Inverse
 The proposition ￢ p → ￢ q is called the inverse of p → q.
Logical Equivalence

Converse
 The proposition q → p is converse of p → q.

Contrapositive
 The contrapositive of p → q is the proposition ￢ q → ￢ p.

Inverse
 The proposition ￢ p → ￢ q is called the inverse of p → q.
Logical Equivalence

Implicatio Inverse Convers Contrapositiv


n e e
p q ¬p ¬q p→q ¬p → ¬q q→p ¬q → ¬p
T T F F T T T T
T F F T F T T F
F T T F T F F T
F F T T T T T T
Logical Equivalence

Equivalence Name
p∧T≡p Identity laws
p∨F≡p

p∧T≡p Domination laws


p∨F≡p

p∨p≡p Idempotent laws


p∧p≡p

￢ ( ￢ p) ≡ p Double negation law


p∨q≡q∨p Commutative laws
p∧q≡q∧p

(p ∨ q) ∨ r ≡ p ∨ (q ∨ r) Associative laws
(p ∧ q) ∧ r ≡ p ∧ (q ∧ r)

p ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r) Distribution Laws
p ∧ (q ∨ r) ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)
Logical Equivalence

Equivalence Name
￢ (p ∧ q) ≡ ￢ p ∨ ￢ q De Morgan’s laws
￢ (p ∨ q) ≡ ￢ p ∧ ￢ q

p ∨ (p ∧ q) ≡ p Absorption laws
p ∧ (p ∨ q) ≡ p

p ∨￢p ≡ T Negation laws


p ∧￢p ≡ F
Why Predicate Logic?

Propositional Logic is not expressive enough


Predicate Logic is more expressive and powerful
Propositional logic used in discrete structures to handle more complex and detailed
reasoning. It allows us to express statements involving variables, quantifiers, and
relationships, making it incredibly useful in mathematics, computer science, and other
fields.
Predicate Logic

3+2=5 Yes
X+2=5 No
X + 2 = 5 for any choice of X in {1, 2, 3} Yes
Computer X is under attack by an intruder No

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