Numerical

•Calculate the superelevation and the maximum

permissible speed for a 2° BG transition curve
on a high speed route with a maximum
sanctioned speed of 110 kmph. The speed for
calculating the equilibrium superelevation is
decided by the chief engineer as 80 kmph and
the booked speed of goods trains is 50 kmph.
•Assume permissible cant deficiency as 100 mm
and cant excess as 75 mm.

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Solution

2
Superelevation for maximum sanctioned speed
(110 km/h):

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5
Result

The maximum permissible speed on the curve is

the least of the following:
 Maximum sanctioned speed i.e., 110 km/h.
 Maximum or safe speed over the curve based on
theoretical consideration i.e., 110 km/h.
 Also, there is no constraint on speed due to the
transition length of the curve.
Therefore, the maximum permissible speed over the
curve is 110 km/h and the superelevation to be
provided is 100.8 mm or approx. 110 mm.

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Simplified approach

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Numerical example:

•A 600 metres radius curve is introduced between

straight portions of a Broad Gauge Railway line
intersecting- to form a total deviation of 70
degrees. The speed for determining the equilibrium
cant is fixed at 80 km.p.h. and the maximum
sectional speed is 110 km.p.h. Calculate the
equilibrium cant, the maximum permissible speed.
The maximum permissible cant and cant deficiency
are 165 mm. and 100 mm. respectively.

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Transition curves

•To attain gradual rise of the outer rail

•To decrease the radius of the curve gradually from
infinity at the straight end of the track to that
of the circular curve at the junction with the
circular curve of the selected radius.
•To provide smooth running of vehicles and
provide comfort to the passengers
•To reduce chance of derailment.

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Requirements

•Should be tangential to the straight line of the

track
•Should join the circular curve tangentially
•Curvature should increase at the same rate as the
superelevation
•The length should be adequate to attain the final
superelevation, which increases gradually at a
specified rate.

13
Length of transition curve
•the distance along
the center line of
the track between
the starting point on
the straight portion
of the track and the
meeting point on
the junction with
the circular curve is
called the transition
curve length.
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Length

•can be calculated with the help of following

equation and the greatest of all should be adopted.
•Based on the arbitrary gradient (1 in 720):
• L= o.72 Ca
•Based on the change of cant deficiency:

•Based on the change of super elevation:

15
Numerical

•Calculate the superelevation, maximum

permissible speed, and transition length for a 3°
curve on a high speed BG section with a maximum
sanctioned speed of 110 kmph. Assume the
equilibrium speed to be 80 kmph and the booked
speed of the goods train to be 50 kmph.

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Solution

17
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22
Steps

• Equilibrium superelevation e is reduced by the permissible

cant deficiency Cd and the resultant superelevation to be
provided is as follows:
X=e-Cd
Where X is the superelevation to be provided;
Cd (75 mm for BG track and 50 mm for MG track)

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Steps

•The maximum permissible speed on the main line

which has superelevation of X is calculated.
•To this value of X the allowable cant deficiency is
added
•Corresponding to this superelevation (X+Cd ), the
equilibrium speed and safe speed is calculated.
•The lesser of two values is the maximum
permissible speed on the main line at curve
portion.

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25
• if a 1 : 12 turnout takes off from a 5° curve, the
resultant curve will have a degree of curvature of
5° + 4° = 9° when laid in similar flexure and 5° - 4° =
1° when laid in contrary flexure.
• Their radii will be 1750/9 = 194.4 m and 1750/1 =
1750 m, respectively.

26
• From a BG main line curve of 2°, a 1 : 12 turn out
takes off in contrary flexure for a Branch line. Find
out the permissible cant on main line and the
speed that can be permitted on the main line.

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28
29
Numerical

• For a BG main line curve of 2°, a 1 in 12 turnout

takes off in similar flexure for a loop.
• The turnout is immediately followed by a reverse
curve. Find out the permissible cant on the main
line and the speed that can he permitted.

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Solution:

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32
•A BG branch line track takes off as a contrary
flexure through a 1 in 12 turnout from a main line
track of a 3° curvature. Due to the turnout, the
maximum permissible speed on the branch line is
30 km/h. Calculate the negative superelevation to
be provided on the branch line track and the
maximum permissible speed on the main line track
(when it takes off from a straight track)

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36
Numerical

A 8° curve track diverges from a main curve of 5° in

the opposite direction. In the layout of a BG yard,
calculate the superelevation and the speed on the
branch line when the maximum speed permitted
on the main line is 45 km/h

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Solution

38
Solution..

39
Vertical curves

•normally designed as a circular curve.

• The circular profile ensures a uniform rate of
change of gradient which controls the rotational
acceleration.
• Types of vertical curves:
• Summit curve
• Valley curve

40
•As per existing provision
• vertical curves are provided only at the junctions
of the grades where algebraic difference between
the grades is equal to or more than 4 mm per
meter or 0.4%
•minimum radius of the vertical curve should be as
follows:

41
Widening of gauge on curves
• Due to rigidity of wheel base, sometimes the rails are tilted outwards
due to the impact of outer wheels of the front axle against the outer rail.
• This impact results in greater actual gauge than the theoretical gauge.
• If the tendency is not checked there is every possibility of tilting rail
outwards.
• Therefore to prevent the tendency, the gauge of the track on the curve
is sometimes widened.
• The amount of widening depends upon the radius of the curve, gauge
width, and the rigid wheel base of the vehicle likely to be used on the
track.
• The rigid wheel base for BG and MG track is taken as 610 cm and 488
cm respectively.

42
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45
Numerical

The wheel base of a vehicle moving on a BG track is

6 m. The diameter of the wheels is 1524 mm and
the flanges project 32 mm below the top of the
rail. Determine the extra width of the gauge
required if the radius of the curve is 168 m. Also
indicate the extra width of gauge actually provided
as per Indian Railways standards.

46
Solution

47
Solution..

48
Stations

•Station is a place where trains are stopped for

passengers to entrain or detrain and an authority
to proceed
•At some of the stations the movement of trains is
also controlled.
•located as near a village or town
•provision of future extensions.

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Functions of a railway station
• exchange of passengers
• exchange of goods
• control of train movements
•facilitate the trains on a single line track to cross from
opposite direction
• enable the following express trains to overtake the train
ahead
•taking fuels for locomotive
• changing locomotive and running staff
• attaching or detaching wagons and compartments
•sorting of bogies to form new trains.
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 Types of stations
•Wayside station: trains move only in two directions (upside and
downside).
•Halt station:
• simplest type
• may or may not have small room
• usually one platform.
• No permanent staff
• Ticket to passengers is issued either by travelling ticket
examiner or travelling booking clerk.
• Sometimes tickets are issued by some contractors.
• provide facility nearby villages where there is low traffic
volume.
• many passengers travel without ticket.
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Types of stations

•Flag station:
•only traffic is dealt with
•no arrangements to control the movements
of trains and crossing facilities
•have buildings, staff and telegraph facilities.

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Types of stations
•Crossing station:
•provided with the facilities
of crossing.
•provided at least one loop
line to allow another train
if one train is standing on
the track.
•Generally the train which
has to be stopped is taken
on the loop line and the
other through train is
allowed to pass on the
main line.

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Junction station:

•The station where a branch line meets the main

line
•Essential arrangements for junction stations.
• Facilities for the interchange of traffic between main and
branch lines.
• Facilities for repair and cleaning of the compartments
• Facilities of goods siding, engine sheds, turn tables etc.

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Terminal station:

• at which a railway line or one of its branches

terminates
• additional arrangements
• Facilities for servicing of engines
• Turn tables for the change of direction of the engine
• Facilities for dealing goods traffic such as marshalling yards,
engine sheds, siding must be provided.

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General requirements of railway stations
•Public requirements:
•Booking office
•Platform
•Drinking water
•Refreshment room
•Sanitary arrangement
•Enquiry office
•Station name board
•Waiting rooms
•Lighting arrangements
•Public telephone
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Traffic requirements

•Machines for dating tickets

•Weighting machine
•Controlling and recording the movement of trains
•Siding to cross or overtake trains
•Sidings for good traffic
•Platform for loading, unloading and storing of
goods
•Sitting arrangement for the staff of traffic
department etc.
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• Locomotive requirements:
• Water column
• Fuel store and supply
• Cleaning and examining
of locomotives
• Inspection of vehicles and
locomotives
• Turn table for changing direction
of locomotives
• Residential accommodation, rest
waiting of railway staff
• General:
• Suitable roads to the station
• Clock for accurate time
• Availabilities of coolies of the platform

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Turntable

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Platform (passenger and goods platform)
•Passenger platform
• place from where the passengers
to entrain or detrain.
• loading space.
• The length of platform for all
gauges should not be less than
180m.
• Generally about 305 m length of a
BG railway platform is desirable.
• The edge of the platform from the
center of the nearest track is kept
1.7m away for BG, 1.39 m for MG
and 1.2 for NG.

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Essentials of passenger platform:
•Minimum length should not be less than 180m
•Minimum width should not be less than 3.67m and
should be paved fully
•Platform should be covered at least for the length of 60m
• End of high level platform should be in the form of ramp
with slope of 1:6
•Adequate lighting should be arranged for night
•Adequate drinking water
• The slope in its width should be 1 in 30
• The top width of masonry wall should be about 46cm

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•There is different level (height) of platforms:
•Rail level platform:
• the height of such platform is equal to the
height of the rail

•Low level platform:

• the height of such platform should be kept
about 45 cm above rail level

•High level platform:

• the height is kept about 76 to 85 cm above
the rail level.
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Goods platform

•To facilitate the goods handling, generally height of

goods platform is kept up to the floor level of the wagon.

•Essentials of goods platform:

•Weighing arrangement
•Goods shed
•Proper drainage facility
• Facility for direct access from goods
platform to goods sidings and to marshalling
yards
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Yards

•a system of railway tracks laid within definite limits of

various purposes such as sorting of vehicles, making up
trains etc.

•Yards are also used to control the movements by

prescribed rules, regulations and signals.

•four types of yards:

•Passenger yards, Goods yards, Marshalling
yards, Locomotive yards
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•Passenger yards:
•the main function is to provide all facilities
for the safe movements of passengers.

•Following facilities should be there in passenger yard:

•Booking office
•Parking space
• Enquiry office
• Signal for train receptions and departures
•Platform and sidings
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•Goods yards: requirements of goods yard:
•Approach road
•Loading and unloading platforms
•Space for good sorting
•Cart weighing machine
•Cranes for very heavy goods
•Booking office

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•Marshalling yards:
•is the space where goods wagons received
from different centers are sorted out and
placed in order to be detached at different
stations.
• are distributing centers.
•is the center where goods wagons are sorted out
and isolated wagons are combined to form a
train load.

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•Design consideration for
marshalling yards:
• Shunting operations should
not be disturbed by the
regular trains
•Marshalling yard should be
kept parallel to the running
lines
•Movement of trains in only
one directions is desirable
•Repair facilities for provided
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 Thank You!

8th IOE Graduate Conference, June 72

2020