Overview of

Cloud Computing

Chapter - 1
Topics
● Cloud Computing definition
● Types of cloud
○ Public vs Private Cloud – Community Cloud – Hybrid Cloud
● Cloud Services – Cloud models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS)
● Benefits and challenges of cloud computing
● Business models
● Major Players in Cloud Computing
● Issues in Cloud
What is Cloud Computing?
● Cloud Definition: The cloud in cloud computing provides the means through which
everything from computing power to computing infrastructure, applications, business
processes to personal collaboration — can be delivered to a user as a service wherever
and whenever the user needs.

● The cloud itself is a set of hardware, networks, storage, services, and interfaces that
enable the delivery of computing as a service.

● Cloud services include the delivery of software,infrastructure, and storage over the
Internet (either as separate components or a complete platform) based on user
demand.
What is cloud computing ? … II
● Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-
demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction.

● Cloud computing refers to both the applications delivered as

services over the Internet and the hardware and system software in
the data centers that provide those services.
Why Cloud Computing ?
Why Cloud Computing ? … II
Elasticity and scalability
● The service provider can‘t anticipate how customers will use the service.
● One customer might use the service three times a year during peak selling
seasons, whereas another might use it as a primary development platform for
all of its applications.
● Therefore, the service needs to be available all the time (7 days a week, 24
hours a day) and it has to be designed to scale upward for high periods of
demand and downward for lighter ones.
● Scalability also means that an application can scale when additional users are
added and when the application requirements change.
● This ability to scale is achieved by providing elasticity.
Why Cloud Computing ? … II
Self-service provisioning
● Customers can easily get cloud services without going through a lengthy process.
● The customer simply requests an amount of computing, storage, software,
process, or other resources from the service provider.
● While the on-demand provisioning capabilities of cloud services eliminate many
time delays, an organization still needs to do its homework.
● These services aren‘t free; needs and requirements must be determined before
capability is automatically provisioned.
Why Cloud Computing ? … III
Application programming interfaces (APIs)
● Cloud services need to have standardized APIs.
● These interfaces provide the instructions on how two application or data
sources can communicate with each other.
● A standardized interface lets the customer more easily link a cloud service,
such as a customer relationship management system with a financial
accounts management system, without having to resort to custom
programming.
Why Cloud Computing ? … IV
Billing and metering of services
A cloud environment needs a built-in service that bills customers. And, of course, to
calculate that bill, usage has to be metered (tracked).

Even free cloud services (such as Google‘s Gmail or Zoho‘s Internet-based office
applications) are metered.

In addition to these characteristics, cloud computing must have two overarching

requirements to be effective:

● A comprehensive approach to service management

● A well-defined process for security management
Why Cloud Computing ? … V
Performance monitoring and measuring
A cloud service provider must include a service management environment.

A service management environment is an integrated approach for managing the physical

environments and IT systems.

This environment must be able to maintain the required service level for that
Organization.

In other words, service management has to monitor and optimize the service or sets of
services.

Service management has to consider key issues, such as performance of the overall
system, including security and performance.
Why Cloud Computing ? … VI
Security
Many customers must take a leap of faith to trust that the cloud service is safe.

Turning over critical data or application infrastructure to a cloud-based service

provider requires making sure that the information can‘t be accidentally
accessed by another company (or maliciously accessed by a hacker).

Many companies have compliance requirements for securing both internal and
external information.

Without the right level of security, one might not be able to use a provider‘s
offerings.
Types of cloud
Cloud computing is offered in different forms:
● Public clouds: in a public cloud, a business rents the capability and they pay for what
they use on-demand. Example- Amazon, Google and IBM

● Private clouds: cloud computing environment in which all hardware and software
resources are dedicated exclusively to, and accessible only by, a single customer

● Hybrid clouds: it is combination of public and private making advantage of both

● Community cloud: Allows sharing of resources costing less for resource usage
Public cloud
Public Cloud is an IT model where on-demand computing services and infrastructure are managed by a third-party
provider and shared with multiple organizations using the public Internet.
Advantages of Public Cloud
1) Low Cost

Public cloud has a lower cost than private, or hybrid cloud, as it shares the same resources with a large number of consumers.

2) Location Independent

Public cloud is location independent because its services are offered through the internet.

3) Save Time
In Public cloud, the cloud service provider is responsible for the manage and maintain data centers in which data is stored, so
the cloud user can save their time to establish connectivity, deploying new products, release product updates, configure, and
assemble servers.

4) Scalability and reliability

Public cloud offers scalable (easy to add and remove) and reliable (24*7 available) services to the users at an affordable cost.
Disadvantages of Public Cloud
1) Low Security

Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.

2) Performance

In the public cloud, performance depends upon the speed of internet connectivity.

3) Less customizable

Public cloud is less customizable than the private cloud.

Private cloud
In private clouds, a business essentially turns its IT environment into a
cloud and uses it to deliver services to their users.
Private cloud
● Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud.

● Private cloud provides computing services to a private internal network (within the
organization) and selected users instead of the general public.

● Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to data through firewalls and
internal hosting. It also ensures that operational and sensitive data are not accessible to
third-party providers.

● HP Data Centers, Microsoft, Elastra-private cloud, and Ubuntu are the example of a
private cloud.
Advantages of Private cloud
1) More Control

Private clouds have more control over their resources and hardware than public clouds
because it is only accessed by selected users.

2) Security & privacy

Security & privacy are one of the big advantages of cloud computing. Private cloud improved
the security level as compared to the public cloud.

3) Improved performance

Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space capacity.
Disadvantages of Private Cloud
1) High cost

The cost is higher than a public cloud because set up and maintain hardware resources are costly.

2) Restricted area of operations

As we know, private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations is limited.

3) Limited scalability

Private clouds are scaled only within the capacity of internal hosted resources.

4) Skilled people

Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.

Hybrid cloud
● Hybrid cloud is a combination of public and private clouds.
● Hybrid cloud = public cloud + private cloud
● The main aim to combine these cloud (Public and Private) is to create
a unified, automated, and well-managed computing environment.
● In the Hybrid cloud, non-critical activities are performed by the public
cloud and critical activities are performed by the private cloud.
● Mainly, a hybrid cloud is used in finance, healthcare, and Universities.
● The best hybrid cloud provider companies are Amazon, Microsoft,
Google, Cisco, and NetApp.
Advantages of Hybrid Cloud
1) Flexible and secure

It provides flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources because
of the private cloud.

2) Cost effective

Hybrid cloud costs less than the private cloud. It helps organizations to save costs for
both infrastructure and application support.

3) Cost Optimization

It offers the features of both the public as well as the private cloud. A hybrid cloud is
capable of adapting to the demands that each company needs for space, memory, and
system.
Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud
1) Networking issues

In the Hybrid Cloud, networking becomes complex because of the private and
the public cloud.

2) Infrastructure Compatibility

Infrastructure compatibility is the major issue in a hybrid cloud. With dual-levels

of infrastructure, a private cloud controls the company, and a public cloud does
not, so there is a possibility that they are running in separate stacks.

3) Reliability

The reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers.

Community Cloud
Community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems and
services to be accessible by a group of several organizations to share
the information.

It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the

community, a third party, or a combination of them.
Community Cloud
Advantages of Community Cloud
Cost effective

Community cloud is cost effective because the whole cloud is shared between several organizations
or a community.

Flexible and Scalable

The community cloud is flexible and scalable because it is compatible with every user. It allows the
users to modify the documents as per their needs and requirement.

Security

Community cloud is more secure than the public cloud but less secure than the private cloud.

Sharing infrastructure

Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other capabilities among
various organizations.
Disadvantages of Community Cloud
● Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization

● Slow adoption to data

● The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all community
members

● Community Cloud is costly than the public cloud

● Sharing responsibilities among organizations is difficult.

Cloud services / Business models
Cloud services are infrastructure, platforms, or software that are hosted
by third-party providers and made available to users through the
internet.

They are basically divided into 5 parts:

1. Software as a service (SaaS)

2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
4. Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS)
5. Function as a Service (FaaS)
Software as a Service(SaaS)
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services and
applications over the Internet.

Instead of installing and maintaining software, we simply access it via

the Internet, freeing ourselves from the complex software and hardware
management.

It removes the need to install and run applications on our own

computers or in the data centers eliminating the expenses of hardware
as well as software maintenance.
Software as a Service(SaaS) .. II
SaaS provides a complete software solution that you purchase on a pay-
as-you-go basis from a cloud service provider.

Most SaaS applications can be run directly from a web browser without
any downloads or installations required.

The SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-based software, on-

demand software, or hosted software
Advantages of SaaS
1. Cost-Effective: Pay only for what you use.
2. Reduced time: Users can run most SaaS apps directly from their
web browser without needing to download and install any software.
3. Accessibility: We can Access app data from anywhere.
4. Automatic updates: Rather than purchasing new software,
customers rely on a SaaS provider to automatically perform the
updates.
Disadvantages of Saas
1. Limited customization: SaaS solutions are typically not as customizable as on-
premises software, meaning that users may have to work within the
constraints of the SaaS provider’s platform and may not be able to tailor the
software to their specific needs.
2. Dependence on internet connectivity: SaaS solutions are typically cloud-
based, which means that they require a stable internet connection to function
properly.
3. Security concerns: SaaS providers are responsible for maintaining the security
of the data stored on their servers, but there is still a risk of data breaches or
other security incidents.
4. Limited control over data: SaaS providers may have access to a user’s data,
which can be a concern for organizations that need to maintain strict control
over their data for regulatory or other reasons.
Platform as a Service
PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and
environment to allow developers to build applications and services over
the internet.

PaaS services are hosted in the cloud and accessed by users simply via
their web browser.

A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own

infrastructure.
Platform as a Service (PAAS) ..II
PaaS makes users free from having to install in-house hardware and
software to develop or run a new application. Thus, the development
and deployment of the application take place independent of the
hardware.

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud

infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage,
but has control over the deployed applications and possibly
configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.
Advantages of PaaS
1. Simple and convenient for users: It provides much of the infrastructure
and other IT services, which users can access anywhere via a web
browser.
2. Cost-Effective: It charges for the services provided on a per-use basis
thus eliminating the expenses one may have for on-premises
hardware and software.
3. Efficiently managing the lifecycle: It is designed to support the
complete web application lifecycle: building, testing, deploying,
managing, and updating.
4. Efficiency: It allows for higher-level programming with reduced
complexity thus, the overall development of the application can be
more effective
Disadvantages of Paas
1. Limited control over infrastructure: PaaS providers typically manage
the underlying infrastructure and take care of maintenance and
updates, but this can also mean that users have less control over the
environment and may not be able to make certain customizations.
2. Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the PaaS
provider for the availability, scalability, and reliability of the platform,
which can be a risk if the provider experiences outages or other issues.
3. Limited flexibility: PaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate
certain types of workloads or applications, which can limit the value of
the solution for certain organizations.
Infrastructure as a Service (IAAS)
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that delivers computer
infrastructure on an outsourced basis to support various operations.

Typically IaaS is a service where infrastructure is provided as outsourcing

to enterprises such as networking equipment, devices, database, and web
servers.

It is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). IaaS customers pay on a

per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or month.

Some providers also charge customers based on the amount of virtual

machine space they use.
Advantages of IaaS
1. Cost-Effective: Eliminates capital expense and reduces ongoing cost
and IaaS customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour,
week, or month.
2. Website hosting: Running websites using IaaS can be less expensive
than traditional web hosting.
3. Security: The IaaS Cloud Provider may provide better security than
your existing software.
4. Maintenance: There is no need to manage the underlying data
center or the introduction of new releases of the development or
underlying software. This is all handled by the IaaS Cloud Provider.
Disadvantages of IaaS
1. Limited control over infrastructure: IaaS providers typically manage
the underlying infrastructure and take care of maintenance and
updates, but this can also mean that users have less control over
the environment and may not be able to make certain
customizations.
2. Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data
and applications, which can be a significant undertaking.
3. Limited access: Cloud computing may not be accessible in certain
regions and countries due to legal policies.
Anything as a Service
It is also known as Everything as a Service. Most of the cloud service
providers nowadays offer anything as a service that is a compilation of
all of the above services including some additional services.
Function as a Service
FaaS is a type of cloud computing service.

It provides a platform for its users or customers to develop, compute,

run and deploy the code or entire application as functions.

It allows the user to entirely develop the code and update it at any time
without worrying about the maintenance of the underlying
infrastructure.

The developed code can be executed with response to the specific

event.
Benefits of cloud computing
1. Scalability: Cloud computing allows you to easily scale your
resources up or down based on your needs.
2. Cost Savings: Cloud computing eliminates the need for upfront
investments in hardware, software licenses, and infrastructure.
3. Accessibility and Remote Work: Cloud services can be accessed
from anywhere with an internet connection, enabling remote work
and collaboration.
4. Reliability and Availability: Cloud computing providers typically offer
robust service level agreements (SLAs) guaranteeing high
availability and uptime.
Benefits of cloud computing
5. Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to
protect their infrastructure and customer data.
6. Data Backup and Recovery: Cloud computing offers automated and
reliable data backup and recovery solutions at various locations.
7. Innovation and Agility: Cloud services enable rapid deployment of
applications and services.
8. Green Computing: Cloud computing promotes environmentally
friendly practices.
challenges of cloud computing
● Performance
● Security
● Migration
● Cost Management
● Interoperability and Portability
● Lack of expertise
● Reliability and High
● Internet Connectivity
Availability
● Control or Governance
● Hybrid-Cloud Complexity
● Compliance
● Mobile interactive
● Multiple Cloud management
applications
Major Players in Cloud Computing
Issues in Cloud
1. Privacy Concerns with a Third Party

How do you know that it’s safe and secure?

In reality, even if providers are doing their best to secure data, it can
still be hacked

The best plan of attack is to not perform mission-critical work or work

that is highly sensitive on a cloud platform without extensive security
controls managed by your organization
Issues in Cloud ..II
2. Compliance

There are many regulations in places related to data and hosting.

To comply with regulations (Federal Information Security Management

Act, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, etc.) the user
may have to adopt deployment modes that are expensive.
Issues in Cloud ..III
3. Sustainability

This issue refers to minimizing the effect of cloud computing on the

environment.

Citing the server’s effects on the environmental effects of cloud computing,

in areas where climate favors natural cooling and renewable electricity is
readily available, the countries with favorable conditions, such as Finland,
Sweden, and Switzerland are trying to attract cloud computing data centers.

But other than nature’s favors, would these countries have enough technical
infrastructure to sustain the high-end clouds?
Issues in Cloud ..IV
4. Lack of resources/skilled expertise

One of the major issues that companies and enterprises are going through today is
the lack of resources and skilled employees.

Every second organization is seeming interested or has already been moved to

cloud services. That’s why the workload in the cloud is increasing so the cloud
service hosting companies need continuous rapid advancement.

Due to these factors, organizations are having a tough time keeping up to date
with the tools. As new tools and technologies are emerging every day so more
skilled/trained employees need to grow. These challenges can only be minimized
through additional training of IT and development staff.
Issues in Cloud ..V
5. Other issues
● Availability
● Identification
● Authentication
● Authorization
● Auditing
That's all folks for this chapter !!!!