Elements of Civil Engineering and

Mechanics
B24ED0101
Engineering Mechanics, Composition
of Concurrent force system

Presented by,
Mr Avinash S Deshpande
Assistant Professor
School of Civil Engineering
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The branch of physics that deals with state of rest or of uniform motion of
bodies under the action of forces is termed as mechanics.

Application of laws of mechanics to field problems is termed as

Engineering Mechanics.
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Continuum: A continues distribution of molecules in a body without
intermolecular space is called continuum.

Rigid body: In physics, a rigid

body is an idealization of a
solid body in which deformation is
neglected.
In other words, the distance
between any two given points of
a rigid body remains constant in
time regardless of external forces
exerted on it.
Deformable Body. In mechanics,
any body that changes its shape
and/or volume while being acted
upon by any kind of external force.
Before deformation

After deformation
The total amount of matter present in
a body
• weight of an object is usually taken to be the force on
the object due to gravity.
• Weight is a vector whose magnitude
(a scalar quantity), often denoted by an italic letter W,
is the product of the mass m of the object and the
magnitude of the local gravitational
acceleration g; thus: W = mg.
• The unit of measurement for weight is that of force,
which in International system units(SI) is the newton
It is an external agency which tends to change the state of rest or of
uniform motion of a body in a straight line.
The S.I unit of force is Newton(N)

PUSH PULL
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 CHARACTERISTICS OF FORCES

POINT Of
MAGNITUDE DIRECTION LINE Of ACTION APPLICATION
Characteristics of a force

These are ones, which help in understanding a force completely, representing a force and also
distinguishing one force from one another.

A force is a vector quantity. It has four important characteristics, which can be listed as
follows.
1. Magnitude: It can be denoted as 10 N.

2. Point of application: It indicates the point on the body on which the force acts. (point at
which force acts )
3. Line of action: The line along which the force acts
Force system
• When a mechanics problem or system has more than one force acting,
it is known as a 'force system' or 'system of force'.

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 SYSTEM OF FORCES
• When several forces of different magnitude and direction act upon a body, they
constitute a system of forces.
System of
forces

Coplana Spatial(or) Non- Collinea

r coplanar r

Non- Concurren Non-concurrent Concurrent

concurrent t

Paralle Non- Paralle Non-

l Parallel l Parallel

Unlik Unlik
Like Like
e e

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SYSTEM OF FORCES - CONTD..

 If the line of action of all forces lie along a single line then it is called a collinear
force systems.

 If all the forces in a system lie in a single plane, it called coplanar force system.

 If the line of action of all the forces in a system pass through a single point, it is
called a concurrent force system.

 In a system of parallel forces all the forces are parallel to each other.

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SYSTEM OF FORCES-CONTD..
Sl.No Force System Characteristics Representation
1 Collinear forces Line of action of all the forces act
along the same line

Tug of war

2 Coplanar Line of action of all the forces lie on a

single plane

3 Non-Coplanar Line of action of all the forces are not

lie on a single plane

4 Concurrent Line of action of all forces passes

through a single point

5 Non-concurrent Line of action of all forces do not pass

through single point

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SYSTEM OF FORCES-CONTD..
Sl.No Force System Characteristics Representation
6 Parallel forces Line of action of all the forces are
parallel to each other

System of forces acting on a beam subjected to vertical

loads-Coplanar parallel forces

7 Non-Parallel Line of action of all forces are not

parallel to each other

8 Non-Coplanar Line of action of all forces are

concurrent concurrent but does not lie on same
plane

9 Non-coplanar Non-concurrent but parallel

parallel
forces(non-
concurrent)
10 Non-Coplanar non Non-concurrent and non parallel
concurrent non
parallel 18
SYSTEM OF FORCES - CONTD..

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Newton’s First Law
• Everybody continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a
straight line unless its compelled by an external agency

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Newton’s Second Law
• The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to
the impressed force and it takes place in the direction of force acting
on it

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Newton’s Third Law
• For every action there is a equal and opposite reaction

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SI Units

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Principle of transmissibility of forces
The principle of transmissibility states that the
point of application of a force can be moved
anywhere along its line of action without changing
the external reaction forces on a rigid body.
OR
This principle states that a force can be
transmitted from one point to another
point along the same line of action such
that the effect produced by the force on
a body remains unchanged.

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Principle of physical independence
of forces
This principle states that ‘the action of a force on a body is not affected
by the action of any other force on the body’.
OR
Whenever the number of forces are acting on a body, the effect of each
force on the body is independent of the effect of other forces.

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Principle of superposition of forces
• This principle states that the net effect of a system of forces on a body
is same as that of the combined effect of individual forces on the body.

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Moment of a force
The turning effect produced by a force on a body is known as the
moment of the force.
The magnitude of the moment is given by the product of the magnitude
of the force and the perpendicular distance between the line of action of
the force and the point or axis of rotation.
Moment = Force X Perpendicular Distance
M=FXd
Types of moments
• Clockwise Moment (Positive) • Anticlockwise Moment
If the tendency of a force is to (Negative)
rotate the body in the clockwise If the tendency of a force is to rotate
direction, it is said to be a the body in the anticlockwise
clockwise moment and is taken direction, it is said to be
positive anticlockwise moment and is taken
negative
Calculate the moment of force about ‘A’ for
the 50 kN force shown in the figure.
50Sin45 50 kN

1.41 m 50cos45
D

M= F X d

M = - 50Sin45 x (1.6+1.41) + 50Cos45 x 0

M = -106.4 kN-m

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Couple
Two equal, opposite and parallel forces constitute a couple
Types of Couple
Clock wise Couple Anticlockwise couple
Characteristics of couple (Properties)
Two equal and opposite parallel forces are required to form a couple.
Moment of a couple at any point of the body remains same.
Resultant of the forces of the couple is zero.
• Equivalent force – couple system:
For coplanar force system an
Equivalent system is a combination of
a force passing through a given point
M = Fd
and a moment about that point. The Moment of a couple from Figure b.
combination force is the resultant of M= P X d + P X 0
all the forces acting on a body. M= Pd

P P

A A A

P P
d d

P B B
M= Pd

Figure-b Figure-c
Figure-a 33
• Replace the horizontal force of 600 N acting on the lever by an
equivalent system consisting of a force and a couple at O as shown in
fig

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Solution:

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• Replace the 100 kN force acting on column at an eccentricity of 200
mm by a force – couple system acting at ‘O’ as shown in figure.

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Solution:

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Resolution of a force
It is defined as the process of splitting up the given force into a number
of components, without changing its effect on the body is called
resolution of a force. A force is, generally, resolved along two mutually
perpendicular directions.
Considering triangle ABC

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Composition of forces
Composition of Forces. Net force (also known as resultant force) is the
overall force acting on an object when all the individual forces acting
on the object are added together.

Consider the triangle OAC

R2 = P2 + Q2

R=

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A force of 200 N is acting at a point making an angle of 40° with the
horizontal plane as shown in figure. Determine the components of this
force along the x and y directions.
Solution

Component along the x-direction,

Component along the y-direction

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Determine the component of weight of the body shown in figure along
inclined plane (x’ and y’ axes).
Solution:
Horizontal force is resolved along inclined plane
Fx’ = – 1.5 x sin 400
Fx’= – 0.96 kN (←)
Vertical force is resolved along perpendicular to inclined plane

Fy’ = – 1.5 x cos 400

= – 1.15 kN 41
Composition of Co-Planner concurrent force system

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= Algebraic sum of the component forces along Y-axis.

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• Find the resultant for the system of forces shown in figure.

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Solution:

= -29.54 N

Resultant force lies in 2nd quadrant

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Parallelogram law of forces
“If two forces acting simultaneously on a body at a point are
respective by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, their
resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal
of the parallelogram which passed through the point of intersection
of two sides representing the forces”.

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Consider the two forces F1 & F2 are acting on a particle
as showing figure, Let the angle between the two forces
be “Ѳ”.
If parallelogram ABCD is constructed as shown in the
figure, with AB representing F1 and AD representing F2
to some scale. According to parallelogram law of forces
AC represents the result (R).
Drop Perpendicular CE to AB.
Resultant R of F1 & F2 is given by
R = AC

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Inclination of Resultant (R) with respect to F1

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Thank You