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21 views18 pages

Exp 2

Uploaded by

anas1054108
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Registers

Registers are high-speed storage locations directly inside the CPU, designed to
be accessed at much higher speed than conventional memory.
Types of registers
• General purpose Registers
• Segment Registers
• Status Flags Register
• Instruction Pointer
General Purpose Register: Can be divided into Data and Index
Data Registers: Are used for arithmetic and data movement
• AX (Accumulator register) -> perform operations
• BX (Base Register) -> Address
• CX (Counter Register) -> Loop
• DX (Data Register) -> Data Storage
Index Register: Contains the offsets of data and instructions.
• BP (Base pointer Register)
• SP (Stack pointer Register)
• SI (Source Index Register)
• DI (Destination Index Register)
OPCODE OPERAND EXPLANATION EXAMPLE
ADD D, S D=D+S ADD AX, [2050]
D = D + S + prev.
ADC D, S ADC AX, BX
carry
SUB D, S D=D–S SUB AX, [SI]
D = D – S – prev.
SBB D, S SBB [2050], 0050
carry
AX = AL * 8-bit
MUL 8-bit register MUL BH
reg.
DX AX = AX * 16-
MUL 16-bit register MUL CX
bit reg.
AX = AX / 8-bit
reg. ; AL =
DIV 8-bit register DIV BL
quotient ; AH =
remainder
DX AX / 16-bit
reg. ; AX =
DIV 16-bit register DIV CX
quotient ; DX =
remainder
;8+4-2+3

.code
add ax,bx
main proc
mov ax,8 sub ax,cx
mov bx,4
mov cx,2 add ax,dx
mov dx,3
hlt
main endp

end main
.exit
Practice (Addition)
org 100h ; Start at offset 100h for .COM file compatibility
; Define variables
num1 db 10h ; First number (hexadecimal 10 = decimal 16)
num2 db 05h ; Second number (hexadecimal 05 = decimal 5)
add_result db ? ; Storage for addition result
sub_result db ? ; Storage for subtraction result
start:
; Addition
mov al, num1 ; Load num1 into AL
add al, num2 ; Add num2 to AL
mov add_result, al ; Store addition result in add_result
; Exit program
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
Practice (Subtraction)
org 100h ; Start at offset 100h for .COM file compatibility
; Define variables
num1 db 10h ; First number (hexadecimal 10 = decimal 16)
num2 db 05h ; Second number (hexadecimal 05 = decimal 5)
add_result db ? ; Storage for addition result
sub_result db ? ; Storage for subtraction result
start:
; Subtraction
mov al, num1 ; Reload num1 into AL
sub al, num2 ; Subtract num2 from AL
mov sub_result, al ; Store subtraction result in sub_result
; Exit program
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
Practice (Multiplication)
org 100h ; Start at offset 100h for .COM file compatibility
; Define variables
num1 db 4 ; First number (4)
num2 db 3 ; Second number (3)
result dw ? ; Storage for 16-bit result (since 8-bit * 8-bit = 16-bit result)
start:
; Load first number into AL
mov al, num1 ; Move num1 (4) into AL
; Perform unsigned multiplication with num2
mov bl, num2 ; Move num2 (3) into BL
mul bl ; Multiply AL by BL (AL * BL). Result is in AX.
Practice (Division)
org 100h ; Start at offset 100h for .COM file compatibility

; Define variables
num1 db 20 ; Dividend (20 in decimal)
num2 db 6 ; Divisor (6 in decimal)
quotient db ? ; Storage for quotient
remainder db ? ; Storage for remainder

start:
; Load the dividend into AX (AL for 8-bit operations)
mov al, num1 ; Move the value of num1 (20) into AL
Tasks:
1. Write a program in assembly language that calculates the square of
six by adding six to the accumulator six times.
2. Write a program to solve the following equation
DX = AX + BH – CL + DX
Initialize AX, BH, CL, DX registers with 0100h, 55ABh, 0A11h, and
0001h values respectively.

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